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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circulatory system |
regulates bulk flow over long distances |
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true circulatory system |
contains a pump, fluid, and conduits |
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open circulatory system |
simpler circulatory system with few parts, low pressure, low demand on heart |
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closed circulatory system |
high pressure circulatory system, tightly controlled |
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iron in hemoglobin |
used by vertebrates to carry oxygen |
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hemocyanin |
used by invertebrates to carry oxygen, uses copper instead of iron |
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fish |
have a single circuit and a two-chambered heart |
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land vertebrates |
most of these have a three-chambered heart and two partially separated circuits |
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mammals |
have a four chambered heart and two fully separated circuits |
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right |
this side of the mammalian heart pumps to the lungs |
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left |
this side of the mammalian heart pumps to the rest of the body |
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right ventricle |
right atria-> |
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lungs |
right ventricle-> |
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left atria |
lungs-> |
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left ventricle |
left atria-> |
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systemic tissues |
left ventricle-> |
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diastole |
phase that ends in the contraction of the atria |
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systole |
phase where ventricles contract |
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diastole |
period in which ventricles fill with blood |
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systole |
period in which pressure forces open the aortic and pulmonary valves |
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pacemaker potential |
in the heart, a slow, positive increase in voltage across the cell membrane that occurs at the end of one action potential and before the next, coordinating contraction |
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waves of depolarization |
causes electrical potentials on the skin that can be measured by EKGs |
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autonomic nervous system |
regulates total flow, or cardiac output |
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autonomic nervous system |
tightly regulates heart rate |
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blood pressure |
equal to resistance times flow rate |
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flow rate |
constant along the full length of the circuit |
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smooth muscle |
responsible for changing blood vessel diameter |
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vessel diameter |
changed to help distribute blood flow |
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vasodilation |
in blood vessels, increases flow |
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vasoconstriction |
in blood vessels, decreases flow |
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capillaries |
vessels that exchange small molecules with tissues |
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venuous return |
rate of blood flow back to the heart, regulated by one-way valves |
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artery |
vessel that evens out pressure from heart and distributes blood |
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arteriole |
high-resistance vessels that regulate flow into specific capillaries |
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vein |
returns blood to heart and stores blood volume |
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venule |
a small vein that collects blood from the capillaries |
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two elastin layers |
found in arteries, but not in veins |
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acetylcholine |
alters membrane potentials in pacemaker cells |
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40 |
blow _____ mmHg partial pressure of O2, hemoglobin releases oxygen |
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2,000,000 |
number of cells produced by your bone marrow in one second |
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myogenic |
the heart can beat on its own without nervous stimulation, so it is ______ |
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cardiac muscle |
muscles specialized for pumping blood |
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skeletal muscle |
muscles specialized for rapid and voluntary contraction |
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smooth muscle cell |
muscles specialized for slow, efficient, involuntary control |
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excitation–contraction coupling |
In a muscle cell, the process by which electrical excitation of the cell membrane leads to contractile activity by actin and myosin |
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titin |
A giant, elongated, elastic protein molecule that in a striated muscle cell spans an entire half-sarcomere from the M band to the Z line |
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innervate |
to provide neural input |
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myosin |
muscle protein that controls the interactions of actin and myosin necessary for muscle contraction |
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excitable |
capable of generating an action potential |
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peristalsis |
Wavelike muscular contractions proceeding along a tubular organ, propelling the contents along the tube |
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catch |
A state in which some invertebrate muscles maintain a state of contraction over extended periods of time with minimal energy expenditure |
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troponin |
another muscle protein that controls the interactions of actin and myosin necessary for muscle contraction |
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action potential |
An impulse in a neuron taking the form of a brief, local, high-amplitude depolarization of the cell membrane |
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sarcoplasm |
cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
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sliding-filament theory |
based on the formation and breaking of crossbridges between actin and myosin filaments, causing the filaments to slide past each other |
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synapse |
point of contact for nerves |
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neuromuscular junction |
Synapse where a motor neuron axon stimulates a muscle fiber |
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antagonistic muscle pair |
two muscles that perform coordinated opposing actions |
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tendon |
a collagen-containing band of tissue connecting muscle to bone |
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sarcomere |
the contractile unit of a muscle cell |
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fast glycolytic cells |
Muscle cells that are highly dependent on ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis |
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myoglobin |
oxygen-binding molecule found in red muscle cells |
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slow oxidative |
Skeletal muscle cells specialized for sustained, relatively low-intensity, aerobic work |
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myosin filaments |
Bundles of linked myosin molecules. Also called thick filaments |
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excitation |
In the study of muscle, the event in which a nerve impulse arrives at a neuromuscular junction and initiates an action potential in the cell membrane of a muscle cell |
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t-tubules |
Conduct electrical excitation into the interior of the muscle cell to trigger contraction |
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asynchronous muscle |
muscle in which each excitation results in multiple contractions |
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smooth muscle |
Muscle tissue consisting of small, mononucleated muscle cells innervated by the autonomic nervous system |
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cross-bridges |
During muscle contraction, the links formed when the globular heads of myosin filaments bind to specific sites on actin filaments |
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sarcoplasmic reticulum |
the ER of a muscle cell |
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actin filaments |
Chains of linked actin molecules, also called thin filaments |
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myofibril |
A long, longitudinally oriented component of a striated muscle cell that consists of a series of sarcomeres and extends the length of the cell |
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myosin |
muscle filament connected to the M-band |
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actin |
muscle filament connected to the Z-line |
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titin |
muscle filament that runs from z-line to z-line |
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thin filaments |
composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin |
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calcium |
binds to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites |
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myosin binding sites |
myosin 'docks' here, pulling on actin to shorten the sarcomere |
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motor neurons |
efficient somatic neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles |
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calcium |
action potentials in the t-tubules trigger the SR to release _______ |
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intercalated discs |
mechanically connect adjacent cardiac cells |
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gap junctions |
allow action potentials to move between adjacent cardiac cells, have gaps that allow the diffusion of small molecules between adjacent cells |
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pacemaker cells |
endogenously create action potentials |
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unbind |
myosin uses ATP to _____ to myosin |