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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the goals of managing quality?
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Plan quality management, then perform quality assurance and finally control quality
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What is quality?
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Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
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What is total quality management?
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TQM is Dr. Demings quality managment philosophy focusing on positive attitude toward quality by documenting improvement through statistical analysis
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What are Dr. Demings 3 basic principles for TQM?
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Be proactive, not reactive; utilize leadership and accountability; measure and strive for constant improvement
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What is "Zero Defects"?
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Philip Crosby's concept: do something right initially, and you shouldn't have to repeat it
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What is "fitness for use"?
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Joseph Juran's concept: the needs of customers and stakeholders are defined and THEN you attempt to satisfy those needs
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What is "Continuous improvement" (Kaizen)?
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CI takes a proactive approach to development, making improvements through a process (like the Capability Maturity Model or CMMI)
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What is "gold plating"?
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The practice of providing more than what the customer requested (not seen as good: they should expect to get what is planned)
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Process - Plan quality management
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in the PLANNING process group; Determine and design the quality standards for the project
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Process - Plan quality management: inputs
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project management plan; stakeholder register; risk register; requirements documentation
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Process - Plan quality management: tools and techniques
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Cost-benefit analysis; Cost of quality; seven basic quality tools; benchmarking; design of experiments (establish the effect a quality analysis component can have on a product or process); statistical sampling (sufficient sample size and selection for testing quality); additional quality planning tools
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Process - Plan quality management: outputs
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quality management plan; process improvement plan; quality metrics; quality checklists
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What is "cost benefit analysis"?
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How to minimize rework and maximize satisfaction and productivity
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What is the "Seven basic quality tools"?
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they resolve qulity issues and are tools like: flowcharts; pareto diagrams; control charts; scatter diagrams; checksheets; historgrams; cause and effect diagrams
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What does the quality management plan help with?
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Establish the quality baseline (definition for project and work quality); establish any checklists to ensure processes are followed; define any process steps; validate quality processes; test the product; format project/process data for communications to stakeholders; deal with changes to the quality standards
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What is the process improvement plan?
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The process improvement plan defines how to analyze a process in order to determine the activities that will increase value
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What are the process improvement plan considerations?
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process boundaries (star and end dates, inputs, outputs, stakeholders); process configuration (graphical depiction of processes); process metrics (measurement units and limits of control); improved performance targets (guide for process improvement activities)
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What is grade (vs quality)?
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Grade deals with the characteristics of the product
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What is quality (vs grade)?
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Quality deals with the stability or predictability of the product (how well something works)
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What is accuracy (vs precision)?
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Accuracy deals with alignment of a value with its target value
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What is precision (vs accuracy)?
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Precision deals with consistency of the output
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What is prevention (vs inspection)?
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Prevention deals with eliminating defects and potential defects from the process (proactive)
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What is inspection (vs prevention)?
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Inspection deals with determining whether standards and requirements have been meet (reactive)
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What is the "cost of quality"?
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The cost of conforming or not conforming to a continuous improvement approach to quality.
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What is the "design of experiments"?
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Design of Experiments is a statistical process to determine the factors that can influence variables associated with a process
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What is "Just in time" (JIT)?
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JIT is an inventory management process that lets a company have little or no excess inventory in stock other than what is forecasted to build existing orders
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What is "normal distribution"?
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Normal distribution means that the project activity is met with a typical outcome; A bell curve
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What is Sigma?
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Sigma is the standard deviation. SD = (P-O)/6
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What are the 6 sigma deviations from the mean?
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Mean = center of the distribution; +/-1SD = 68.26%; +/-2SD=95.46%; +/-3SD=99.73%;+/-6SD=99.9997% of the entire distribution from the center
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What is a "probability"?
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probability is the likelihood that something will occur.
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What are a few proprietary quality management methodologies?
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CMMI; 6 sigma; lean 6 sigma; quality function deployment
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What is "6 sigma"?
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6 Sigma is a modern quality philosophy made popular by Motorola states that 99.9997% of production can be error free
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What is "ISO 9000"?
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ISO 9000 is fundamentally 3 steps: document what you do; do what you document; document any variance
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What is quality responsibility and who is responsible for what?
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Team member: responsible for the quality of their own work; project manager: responsible for the quality standards on the project; Senior/Executive management: responsible for the quality standards at the company
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What is the "quality function table"?
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Different functions address different processes: flowchart (planning, quality assurance, control); cause and effect (planning, quality assurance, control); checklists (P, QA, C)
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Process - Perform quality assurance
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in the EXECUTING process group; it validates the quality process
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Process - Perform quality assurance: inputs
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quality management plan; process improvement plan; quality metrics; quality control measurements
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Process - Perform quality assurance: tools and techniques
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quality management and control tools; quality audits; process analysis;
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Process - Perform quality assurance:outputs
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change requests; project management plan updates
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What is an affinity digram?
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refine the WBS by graphivcally elaborating the decomposition of project work
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What is a process decision program chart (PDPC)?
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used to depict a goal and the steps used to achieve the goal
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What is an interrelationship diagram?
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Depict complex relationships, often evolving from fishbone, tree or affinity diagrams
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What is a tree diagram?
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Breakdown of a ranked series (like the WBS, risk breakdown or organizational breakdown structures)
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What is a prioritization matrix?
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A prioritization matrix establishes key issues and potential alternatives that need to be ranked for implementation
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What are activity network digrams?
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Aka the Arrow Diagram, are applied to prooject scheduling approaches like: PERT, critical path method (CPM), precedence diagramming method (PDM),
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What are matrix digrams?
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Tools liek spreadsheets used to evaluate data and focus on the effectiveness of relationships between the rows and columns
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Process - Control quality
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in the MONITORING AND CONTROLLING process group; the product is measured against the specification
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Process - Control quality: inputs
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project management plan; quality metrics; quality checklists; work performance data; approved change requests; deliverables
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Process - Control quality: tools and techniques
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Seven basic quality tools; statistical sampling; inspection; approved change requests review
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Process - Control quality: outputs
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quality control measurements; validated changes; verified deliverables; work performance information; change requests; project management plan updates
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What is the purpose of quality testing?
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To test the quality of output for the entire population or a sample based on the sample criteria.
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What is a sample(vs population) testing?
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In sample testing you determine how much of something must be tested to ensure that defects are caught
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What is population (vs sample) testing?
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In population testing you test every item created.
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What is a quality variable?
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A quality variable is a characteristic that the quality control process measures
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What is a quality attribute?
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A quality attribute is the specific measurement being recorded
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What is statistical independence?
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Statistical independence is a state in which the outcomes of a process are seperate from one another
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What is mutual exclusivity?
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Under mutual exclusivity, one choice excludes any other choice
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What is a heuristic?
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A heuristic is a rule of thumb (that could apply to a number of knowledge areas).
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What is a special (vs common) cause?
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Special causes or unusual events deal with activities or results that dont typically occur within a testing process
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What is a common (vs special) cause?
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A common cause or normal process variation or random causes, deal with variations that can occur within a process and within random events
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What is Rolled Throughput Yield?
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Rolled throughput yield is a 6 sigma term that is teh probability that a unit can pass through a process without defect where each process stage yield (defects divided by products) is multipled times each other
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What are flowcharts?
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Flowcharts map the flow of a process or technique
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What is a pareto diagram?
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A pareto diagram is a cumulative histogram that helps to identify the source of defects
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What is a control chart?
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A control chart depicts the process output over time (contains control limits, upper and lower with the mean in the center; defects are plotted on the diagram)
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What is a scatter diagram?
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A scatter diagram shows a pattern between two variables associated with a process helping to indeitify potential corellations between variables
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What are checksheets?
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Checksheets are good tools that help to ensure steps are taken consistently as planned
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What is a histogram?
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A histogram is a chart that indicates the ocurrence of a variable via vertical bars
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What is a cause and effect diagram (fishbone)?
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A cause and effect diagram helps to evaluate what could potentially cause defects in a process or project by helping to evaluate symptoms in order to identify root causes
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