Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is produced by each cell?
G cell EC cell D cell ECL
Where are the secretory granules located in these cells? Where is the hormone discharged?
What are neoplasms arising from or differentiating along this pathway called? |
G cell = gastrin producing EC cell = serotonin producing D cell = somatostatin producing ECL = histamine producing
Granules located basally between nucleus and BM => discharge into lamina propria => circulation for effect on nearby cells (paracrine)
neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) |
|
What two things can lead to the hypergastremia compensatory response? What type of hyperplasia and subsequent tumor can this then lead to? |
|
|
Less than how many centimeters is considered hyperplasia? Greater than 0.5 centimeters is considered what? Therefore, a lesion less than 0.5 cm is unlikely to do what?
What is shown in the image? |
|
|
What type of NET? What cells are involved? What is the formation type? |
Type 1 Forms a discrete nodule |
|
What is an immunostain often positive in neuroendocrine tumors? |
|
|
What are 80% of gastric carcinoid tumors associated with? Are they often malignant?
Are the other 20% often malignant? What are they associated with? |
|
|
What is the fasting gastrin and pH level in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
What is considered a positive secretin stimulation test? |
|
|
What are these all methods of treatment for? |
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
|
At what age do intestinal neuroendocrine tumors typically present? What are two common sites? Are they often at multiple sites? What is the most frequent symptom? Can obstruction occur? What is the most common neoplasm in the appendix? |
|
|
What are these all associated with? |
Carcinoid syndrome |
|
Where is the tumor mass? How do you know? Is these mucosal invasion? |
Insular pattern, detail of monotonously homogenous cells, mucosal invasion |
|
What is happening at the arrows in this ileal neuroendocrine tumor? |
Invasion of smooth muscle |
|
What is the descriptive term for chromatin in neuroendocrine tumors? |
|
|
What is the arrow pointing to? Tumor type? Malignant? |
Submucosal pattern |
|
In what part of the colon are neuroendocrine tumors more common? Are they large or small? Is a carcinoid tumor in the rectum common or rare? |
|
|
|
|
|
What type of tumor? Describe the gross appearance. |
|
|
What type of cells are GISTs composed of? What protein is often expressed (gain or loss of function)?
These tumors are neoplastic transformations of pluripotent stem cells of GI tract. What results from differentiation of the following:
Smooth muscle Nerve sheath Interstitial cell of Cajal |
GIST are neoplasms composed of spindle, epithelioid or occasionally pleomorphic mesenchymal cells that often express the KIT (CD117) protein. |
|
What type of tumor? Is it in the wall? What is the brown area? |
|
|
What is the tumor type? Should it be considered to have malignant potential?
What is the best predictor of behavior of this type of tumor? |
Submucosal spread of the tumor in the stomach. |
|
Tumor type? Invasion of what? Is it malignant? |
GIST invading muscularis propria and mucosa = malignant |
|
What is the cell type of GIST? |
STROMAL = SPINDLE SHAPED CELLS!! |
|
If this is a GIST, what is this most likely a stain for? 80% have what mutation? Additional 8% have what other mutation? One more mutation that occurs in come? |
|
|
How many GISTs occur per year? Most common in what two parts of GI tract?
What are they thought to derive from? |
|
|
GIST:
What are the three most common symptoms? What detects them? What can be a false negative due to location? What technique has high sensitivity and specificity?
What is the treatment?
What drug can be given if metastatic? |
|
|
|
|
|
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Blood test for _____ DNA can detect it. If the immunosuppression can be safely decreased, sometimes the _____ will come under control, sometimes not. |
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Blood test for EBV DNA can detect it. If the immunosuppression can be safely decreased, sometimes the proliferation will come under control, sometimes not. |
|
GI Lymphoma:
Common or rare? What ages? What percent in the stomach? Where is the rest?
Associated with what three things?
About 50% are what type of tumor? |
|
|
What can produce nodules visible in the mucosa? What can cause it to regress?
What are the three translocations its associated with? |
|
|
Lymphomas in chronically immunosuppressed patients tend to be what type? Positive for what? Consistently over express what?
Patients with refractory gluten disease may develop what type of lymphoma? Location? |
A variety of lymphomas have been described in the GI tract; they tend to have the same morphology and behavior as their counterparts in other organs. Two forms are peculiar to the GI tract. |
|
What type of neoplasm? What is it infiltrating and expanding into? What is the challenge for the pathologist? |
|
|
Most of the GI tract has an abundance of lymphoid tissue (often with germinal centers) in the _____ regions. This lymphoid tissue is a major line of defense against pathogens; being closely associated with the GI mucosa it has been called _____. Tumors believed to be derived from these tissues are often referred by the ugly name of “_____”. |
Most of the GI tract has an abundance of lymphoid tissue (often with germinal centers) in the submucosal regions. This lymphoid tissue is a major line of defense against pathogens; being closely associated with the GI mucosa it has been called Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT). Tumors believed to be derived from these tissues are often referred by the ugly name of “Maltomas”. |
|
Germinal centers can be a feature of what tumor type? However they can also be present in H. pylori gastritis.
|
|
|
The feature visible on routine H&E stain most diagnostic of MALToma is lymphocytes surrounding, infiltrating, and overrunning gastric glands. What is this lesion called? |
Many neoplastic cells also have plasmacytoid features (B-cell tumors) |
|
MALTomas are composed of mature __-cells. |
|
|
Almost every GI lymphoma patient presents with what? What are some other symptoms?
How do you diagnose?
What is the treatment (MALToma and for others)?
Is the prognosis good for MALToma? |
|
|
Can gastric lymphomas infiltrate the wall? What makes gastric MALTomas unresponsive to eradication of H. pylori? Low grade can transform into high grade with additional acquisition of what? |
|
|
|
?? |
|
|
|
|
What is the diagnosis? |
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
|
|
?? |
|
|
?? |
|
|
?? |
|
|
|