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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Homotypic Adhesion
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two or more same proteins interacting with each other
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Adherin (protein)
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Without calcium- floppy, loose
With calcium- rigid, straight, won't pull apart with calcium link through side chain tryptophan (amino acid) |
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Caveolin/ Caveola (protein)
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help form vesicles from cell membrane
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4 essential elements
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
others: phosphorus, silicon, sulfur |
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Bonds
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Strongest-Weakest bonds
1. Covalent 2. Ionic 3. Hydrogen 4. Van Der Waals Interactions 5. Hydrophobic/ Hydrophilic Interactions |
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Phosphorylation
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Kinases adding phosphates
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Phosphatases
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subtract phosphates
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Post Translational Modification
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Phosphorylation
Gylosylation (adding of sugars) - O-linked glycosylation is when sugar is added onto oxygen on amino acid side chains -N-linked when sugar is added onto nitrogen on amino acid side chain |
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Cadherin
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dominated by beta sheets
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resolution
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0.61*wavelength (slide like symbol) / n * sin x
n=refractive index |
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Myosin/Actin interactions
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result in a phosphate being released when myosin attacks
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Negative amino acids
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Aspartic Acid: Asp
Glutamic Acid: Glu *Acidic |
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Positive amino acids
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Arginine: Arg
Lysine: Lys Histidine: His *Basic |
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Hydrophobic Interactions (non-polar) Actin/Myosin/Amino Acids
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Actin: Ala, Ile
Myosin: Met, Pro, Phe, Pi-e? |
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Ionic Actin/Myosin/Amino Acids
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Actin: Asp, Glu (all negative)
Myosin: Arg, Lys, His (all positive) |
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Enzymes
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Kinases- phosphorylation- add on phosphates
Phosphatase- removes phosphates Proteases- breaks down proteins Nucleases: break down nucleic acids |
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Polyclonal
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Antibodies from many different B cells
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Monoclonal
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antibody from one B cell
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Immunoprecipitation
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use of antibodies to precipitate other proteins in mixtures by bonding to them
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Know what peptide bond looks like
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in notes
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dsRNA
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eliminates proteins
cell thinks dsRNA is a virus because it is double stranded |
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Membrane Principles
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- continuous
- semi-permeable - fluid - assymmetry |
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Phospholipids
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Heads- hydrophilic
Tails- hydrophobic |
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Cholesterol (sterol)
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stabilizes membrane
between phospholipids |
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RBC's
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Model for understanding the plasma membrane
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Lipid Raft
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affiliated frequently with caveolin
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Enzyme Characteristics
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- can be proteins or RNAs
- have active site which binds to substrate - accelerate reactions by lowering activation energy Reactions 1. binding of substrate rearranges electrons in the substrate, creating partial negative and positive charge that favor a reaction 2. enzyme binds to two substrate molecules and orients them precisely to encourage a reaction 3. Enzyme strains the bound substrate molecules, forcing it toward a transition state to favor a reaction |
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Lysomal Enzymes
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Nucleases: DNase, RNase
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Negative/Postive Feedback
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Negative- enzyme turned off
Positive: addition of ADP molecule to substrate |
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Allosteric Regulation
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Addition of sugar+ADP which activates enzyme
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CTP
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inactivates enzymes
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Breaking Cells and Tissues
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- with high frequency
- detergent (breaks down lipids and creates holes in membrane) -force cells through small hole using high pressure -close fitting rotating plunger and the thick walls of a glass vessel |
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Phospholipids Structure/Charges
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Charges- see notebook
Head top- Choline (+) middle- Phosphate (-) bottom- glycerol (neutral) Tails Crooked tail- unsaturated fatty acid tail (has double bonds) Straight tail- saturated fatty acid tail (no double bonds) |
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Junctions in membrane
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restrict membrane protein motility
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Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
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hypotonic- more salt inside than outside cell
- water moves in to equal ion concentration -cell swells hypertonic- more salt outside cell than inside -water moves out to equal ion concentration -cell shrinks Isotonic- normal and equal concentration inside and outside cell |
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Flourescence Microscopy
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Red- Actin
Blue- DNA (chromosomes) Green- Microtubules |
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Membrane Proteins
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Majority have transmembrane alpha helix domains, but a beta barrel can also serve as a transmembrane structure
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Restriction of membrane protein mobility can be caused by:
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1. linkage with the cytoskeleton
2. linkage with a extracellular matrix 3. linkage via cell to cell adhesion 4. junction based restrictions of apical (top) and basolateral (bottom+side) membrane domains |
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Transport Across Membrane
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Small Hydrophobic Molecules (O2, CO2, N2, benzene)- YES
Small Uncharged Polar Molecules (H20, glycerol, ethanol)- YES Larger Uncharged Polar Molecules (amino acids, glucose, nucleotides)- NO Ions (H+, Na+, HCO3-, K+, CA2+, Cl-, Mg2+)- NO |
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Low concentration of solute outside cell and high concentration of solute inside cell...
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results in water flowing into cell through osmosis swelling and bursting the cell (Hypotonic)
Cells deal with this... Animal cells- send ions out of cell Plant cells- have central vacuole to pump out water and has a cell wall Protozoan- has discharging contractile vacuole |
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Channel Protein
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requires no energy (passive transport)
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Transporter Protein
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requires energy like ATP (active transport)
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Diffusion
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molecule passes through membrane (passive transport)
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Potassium Sodium
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in slide show Lecture 13
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Uniport
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transports one molecule into cell
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Symport
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transports two molecules into cell at the same time
- coupled transport |
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Antiport
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Transports one molecule into cell and one molecule to the outside
-coupled transport |
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Coupled Transporter
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transports 3 molecules into cell and 1 outside
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ATP driven pump
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uses ATP molecule to transport molecule outside cell
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Light Driven Pump
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Light drives and provides energy for the transportation of a molecule to outside the cell
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Rate of Transport of Diffusion
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constant rate
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Rate of transport-mediated diffusion
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rate rises exponentially
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Aquaporins
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water channels
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Patch Clampings
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easy way to study channel function
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