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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) functions differently from Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) how?
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RER: makes secretory (exported) proteins and adds N-linked oligosaccharide to proteins
SER: site of steroid synthesis (so lots in adrenal cortex) and detoxification of drugs/poisons (lots in liver hepatocytes). |
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Nissl bodies are what and are found where?
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A neuronal RER found in the dendrites
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The Golgi is the packaging center the cell and delivers to what three areas?
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Plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles.
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Which amino acids are modified by the Golgi?
How are they modified? |
Asparagine: modifies the N-oligosaccharide
Serine and threonine: addition of O-oligosaccharides |
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Proteins that need to go to lysosomes have what carbohydrate added to them by the Golgi?
A failure of the addition of thus sugar results in what disease? |
Mannose-6-phosphate
Failure of addition leads to the lysosomal storage disorder known as I-cell disease. |
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What happens in I-cell disease?
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Products can't be targeted to lysosomes due to lack of the addition of M6P, and thus are secreted out of the cell.
Result: coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes. Often fatal in childhood. |
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Vesicular trafficking protein: COP I
Function? |
retrograde direction, Golgi--> (back to) ER
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Vesicular trafficking protein: COP II
Function? |
anterograde direction, RER--> cisGolgi
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Vesicular trafficking protein: Clathrin
Function? |
TransGolgi --> lysosomes, plasma membrane --> endosomes
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Microtubules are incorporated into what kind of cellular structures?
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Flagella, cilia (bronchioles, sinuses, sperm, fallopian tubes), mitotic spindles.
Also involved in: axoplasmic transport in neurons! |
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The molecular motor protein Dynein transports cell cargo in which direction?
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retrograde (+ --> -)
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The molecular motor protein Kinesin transports cell cargo in which direction?
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anterograde (- --> +)
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Cilia is in what kind of arrangement?
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9+2 microtubule arrangement (allows for bending)
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If your cilia doesn't work (the dynein does't work), what condition do you have?
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Kartagener's Syndrome aka Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: infertiliy, bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis, and a/w situs inversus.
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Phagocytes rely on what cellular structure to get to where they need to?
A defect in this structure's polymerization leads to? |
Microtubles.
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome: decreased phagocytosis resulting in recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy. |
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The membrane lipid, Phosphatidylinositol, is converted to Arachidonic Acid by what enzyme?
What drugs can inhibit this enzyme? |
Phospholipase A2.
Inhibited by Corticosteroids |
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Arachidonic acid can be converted to Hydroperoxides by what enzyme?
What drug inhibits this enzyme? |
Hydroperoxides. Zileuton inhibits, so no Leukotrienes.
(ZiLEUton-LEUkotriene) |
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Leukotriene B4 does what?
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Neutrophil chemotaxis
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LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 are leukotrienes that cause what?
What drugs inhibit them and what are they used to treat? |
Bronchoconstriction.
Zafirlukast and Montelukast (aka Singulair), used to treat asthma and allergies. |
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Arachidonic acid can be converted to endoperoxides (Prostacyclin, Prostaglandins, and Thomboxane) by which enzyme (s)?
What drug inhibits these enzymes? |
Cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2)
Inhibited by NSAIDS, acetominophen, COX-2 inhibitors, and aspirin. |
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Prostacyclin (i.e. PGI2; platelet gathering inhibitor) has what actions?
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Decrease platelet aggregation, causing vasodilation.
Decrease uterine tone. |
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Prostaglandins (i.e. PGE2) has what actions?
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Decrease Vascular tone, and Bronchiole tone
Increase Pain, Uterine Tone, Temperature, Gastric mucus production. |
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Thromboxane (ie.e TXA2) causes what?
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Increase Platelet aggregation and Vasoconstriction.
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Which endocrine hormones use the cAMP pathway?
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"FLAT CHAMP"
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH others: calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon Alot of these are from the anterior pituitary i.e. FLAT |
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Which endocrine hormones use the cGMP pathway?
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ANP, NO (EDRF)
Think vasodilators |
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Which endocrine hormones use the IP3 pathway?
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"GOAT"
GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1 receptor), TRH iP3-PP (posterior pituitary) |
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Which hormones utilize your Cystolic steroid receptor?
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"VET CAP"
Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone |
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Which hormones utilize your Nuclear steroid receptor?
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T3 and T4
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Which hormones use the Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase?
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Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF
Think growth factors |
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Which hormones use the Receptor-Associated Tyrosine Kinase?
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GH, prolactin
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What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
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Collagen
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Type I Collagen is in which tissues?
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The strong collagen
Bone, Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair Type ONE: bONE |
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Type II Collagen is in which tissues?
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The slippery collagen
Cartilage (including hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus. Type TWO: CarTWOlage |
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Type III Collagen is in which tissues?
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The bloody collagen
Reticulin: skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue (all of this is highly vascularized) |
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Type IV Collagen is in which tissues?
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Basement membrane or basal lamina
Type IV: Under the Floor |
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mnemonic for: Collagen I, II, III, IV
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the Strong, Slippery, Bloody BM
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is due to the faulty synthesis of what?
What are the s/s? |
Collagen (Type III: bloody collagen)
Hyperextensible skin, tendency to eaisly bleed, hypermobile joints. A/w joint dislocation, berry aneurysms, organ rupture |
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta ("brittle bone disease") is what kind of disorder (acquired or genetic)? What type of collagen is abnormal?
What are the S/S? |
Genetic bone disorder.
Abnormal Type I (strong/bone collagen). S/S: Multiple fractures with minimal trauma, Blue Sclerae, abnormal middle bones leading to Hearing Loss, and Dental imperfections (no dentin). |
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Alport's Syndrom is due to what abnormal collagen type?
What is it characterized by? |
Abnormal collagen type IV, makes up the BM (genetic defect).
Nephritis and deafness, may be a/w ocular disturbance. "Can't see, can't pee, can't hear." |
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Elastin is rich in which amino acids?
It is broken down by which enzyme? More importantly, what inhibits this degrader? |
Proline and Glycine
Degraded by Elastase, which is inhibited by alpha1-antitrypsin |
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An alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency results in what? Why?
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Emphysema, because the deficiency allows uninhibited elastase activity.
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Which acute phase reactants are involved with inflammation?
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IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha
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What drugs act on microtubules?
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-bendazoles and -taxols
Griseofulvin Vincristine/Vinblastina Colchicine |