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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
organelle
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specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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cytoplasm
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material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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chromosome
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threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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nucleolus
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small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
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ribosome
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small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
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endoplasmic reticulum
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internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
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Golgi apparatus
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stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
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lysosome
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cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
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vacuole
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cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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mitochondrion
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cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
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chloroplast
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organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
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cytoskeleton
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network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
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centriole
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one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
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cell membrane
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thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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cell wall
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strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
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lipid bilayer
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double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
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concentration
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the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
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diffusion
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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equilibrium
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when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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isotonic
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when the concentration of two solutions is the same
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hypertonic
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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hypotonic
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when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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facilitated diffusion
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movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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active transport
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energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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endocytosis
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process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
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phagocytosis
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process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
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pinocytosis
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process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
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exocytosis
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process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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cell specialization
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the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
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tissue
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group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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organ
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group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
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organ system
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group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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What is Cell Theory?
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The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
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Difference between pro and eukaryotic cells?
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Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell.
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Nucleus
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The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
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Ribosomes
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Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
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Endoplasmic Reticlums
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One type of endoplasmic reticulum makes membranes and secretory proteins. The other type of ER makes lipids and helps to detoxify, or remove harmful substances.
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Golgi
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The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion outside the cell.
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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
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Choloroplasts
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Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
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Cytoskeleton
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The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement of materials within and outside the cell.
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Cell Membranes
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The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement of materials within and outside the cell.
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