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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell division
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The process of cellular reproduction in which a parent cell usually produces two daughter cells; the splitting of one cell into two.
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daughter cells
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One of the two cells formed by cell division.
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of hereditary information, identical to the hereditary information of the parent cell, and about half the parent cell's cytoplasm. |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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A polymer that contains the hereditary information of all living cells and composed of subunits called nucleotides.
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nucleotide
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A molecule with a three-part structure: composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogen-containing base.
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The process of cellular reproduction in which a parent cell usually produces two daughter cells is called__________.
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cell division
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The splitting of one cell into two is called_____________.
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cell division
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In cell division, each ________________ cell receives a complete set of hereditary information, identical to the hereditary information of the parent cell, and about half the parent cell's cytoplasm.
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daughter (cell)
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Rudolf Virchow was the German physician who first stated, "All _____ come from ______".
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cells; cells
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Name the German physician who first said, "All cells come from cells."
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Rudolf VIrchow
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Cells reproduce by _____________.
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cell division
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The hereditary information of all living cells is contained in _____________.
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DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA is a _________________, composed of subunits, called nucleotides.
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polymer
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DNA is a polymer, composed of subunits, called ___________.
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nucleotides
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Each nucleotide of DNA consists of a _____________, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four bases.
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phosphate
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Name the four bases of DNA
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C-Cytosine
G-Guanine A-Adenine T-Thymine |
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Each nucleotide of DNA consists of a phosphate, ____________, and one of four bases.
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sugar (deoxyribose)
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There are four bases of DNA: Cytosine, ___________, Thymine, and Adenine.
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Guanine
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Each nucleotide of DNA is composed of a phosphate, one of four bases, and a ____________, or deoxyribose.
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sugar
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chromosome
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consists of DNA, together with proteins that organize its 3-D structure and regulate its use.
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A DNA double helix and associated proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of DNA is a _________________.
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chromosome
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A chromosome is a DNA double helix and associated proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of _____________.
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DNA
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The DNA on a chromosome consists of _________ (number) long strands of nucleotides wound around each other, as a ________________ (object it looks like) would look if it were twisted into a _____________ (type of shape) shape, called a __________ __________ (two words).
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2; ladder; corkscrew; double-helix
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The DNA on a chromosome consists of two ________ (long or short) strands of nucleotides wound around each other, as a ladder would look if it were twisted into a _________ (type of shape) shape, called a _______-helix.
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long; corkscrew; double
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The units of inheritance are called __________.
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genes
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Genes are the units of ________________.
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inheritance
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The units of inheritance, that are segments of DNA, ranging from a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length are _______________.
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genes
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Two long strands of nucleotides wound around each other as a ladder, would look as if it was twisted into a corkscrew, into a structure called a __________ ____________.
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double-helix
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Units of inheritance, consisting of segments ranging from a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length are called ___________.
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genes
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True or False:
It's not the amount of base pairs, but the arrangement of pairs, that determine genetic make-up in genes. |
True
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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True or False:
A cell can survive without a complete set of genetic instructions. |
False: A cell must have a complete set of genetic instructions in order to survive.
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When a cell divides, the cell must first ____________ its DNA to make _____ (number) identical copies.
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duplicate; two
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True or False
When a cell divides, it can simply split its set of genes in half and give each daughter cell half a set. |
False:
When a cell divides, the cell must first duplicate its DNA to make two identical copies. |
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The structure of DNA consists of a nucleotide , which consists of _______________, sugar, and one of four bases, which are _____________, ___________, __________, or ___________. A total of _____ (number) DNA strands twist around one another to form a ___________ ________.
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phosphate; Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine; two; double-helix
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True or False:
Each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions before cell division takes place. |
True
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Cell division leads to the production of _____________ cells. After cell division, ____________ cells may grow and divide again.
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daughter; daughter
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After cell division, the daughter cells may grow and divide again, or they may___________________, becoming specialized in structure and function.
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differentiate
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When daughter cells differentiate, they become specialized for specific functions, such as:
______________________ (muscle cells), _________________(white blood cells), or producing ____________________ (cells of pancreas, stomach, and intestine). |
contraction; fighting infections; producing digestive enzymes
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The __________________ _________________ is a repeating pattern of divide, grow, and (possibly) differentiate, then divide again.
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cell cycle
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Why do cells divide?
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1.) To transmit hereditary information to each daughter cell.
2.) For growth & development. 3.) For sexual & asexual reproduction |
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Multicellular organisms have 3 categories of cells, based on their ability to divide, and they are:
1.___________________ 2.___________________ 3.___________________ |
1.) Stem Cells
2.) Other Cells Capable of Dividing 3.) Permanently differentiated Cells |
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This category of cells has two characteristics
(1.) Self-renewal (2.) The ability to differentiate into a variety of cells. |
Stem Cells
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Name the two characteristics of stem cells
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(1.) Self-renewal
(2.) The ability to differentiate into a variety of cells. |
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__________________ means that stem cells retain the capacity to divide, perhaps for the entire life of the organism.
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Self-renewal
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Dividing cells in your liver, can only become more liver cells. This is an example of which of the three categories of cells, based on their ability to divide and differentiate?
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Other Cells Capable of Dividing
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This category of cells, in multicellular organisms, will differentiate and never divide again.
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Permanently Differentiated Cells
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Name two examples of Permanently Differentiated Cells that differentiate and never divide again.
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These types of cells cannot divide:
(1.) Cells in your heart. (2.) Cells in your brain. |
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True or False:
One of the three reasons cells divide is to transmit hereditary information to each daughter cell. |
True
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True or False:
Cell division is required for sexual reproduction but not for asexual reproduction. |
False:
Cells division is required for both sexual and asexual reproduction. |
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True or False
Cell division transmits hereditary information to each daughter cell. |
True
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True or False:
Cell division is not required for growth and development. |
False:
Cell division is required for growth and development. |
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___________________ reproduction in eukaryotic organisms occurs when offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sperm and eggs) generated in the gonads of adults.
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Sexual
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A sex cell, usually sperm or egg
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gamete
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A specialized type of cell division that occurs in an adult's reproductive system is called _______________ _________________ _________________ (3 words).
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meiotic cell division
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Meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with exactly ___________ of the genetic information of their parent cells.
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half
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During meiosis, when a sperm fertilizes an egg, the offspring contains a ___________ (half / or / full) complement of genetic information when they fuse.
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full
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Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, without having a sperm fertilize an egg, is called _________________ ___________________.
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asexual reproduction
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This is the name for offspring that are genetically identical to the parent and to each other.
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clones
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This type of reproduction produces offspring that are clones.
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asexual
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Examples of asexual reproduction in organisms
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(1.) Hydra (eukaryote) reproduces by budding
(2.) Paramecium reproduces by cell division (3.) Plants and fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. (Ex: Aspen trees) |
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Can you describe the 3 types of cells found in a multicellular organism?
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(1.) Stem cells
(2.) Other cells that are capable of dividing (3.) Permanently Differentiated Cells |
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When a cell differentiates it becomes specialized for specific functions. Name an example of a specific function.
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1. Muscle cells (contraction)
2. White Blood Cells (fighting infections) 3. Cells of Pancreas, stomach, and intestine (producing digestive enzymes) |
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The type of reproduction that occurs in eukaryotic organisms, when offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg)
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sexual reproduction
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The type of reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single-parent, without having a sperm fertilize an egg is ________________________.
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asexual reproduction
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They do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or cellular organelles.
Are they prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotic Cells
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They have a nucleoid region that contains genetic information.
Are they prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotic Cells
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The prokaryotic cell divides by ______________ ______________ (two words).
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prokaryotic fission
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Another word for prokaryotic fission is ____________ _____________ (two words).
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binary fission
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There are ______ (number) stages of prokaryotic fission.
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five
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The 5 stages of prokaryotic fission are:
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1.) Attachment/chromosome to plasma membrane
2.) DNA Replication/DNA gets copied 3.) New plasma membrane added/push apart further 4.) Plasma membrane grows inward @middle of cell 5.) Parent cell divides into daughter cells |
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True or False:
Prokaryotic cells are large in diameter |
False:
Prokaryotic cells are 1-2 um in diameter. |
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True or False:
Prokaryotic cells are small in diameter, and cannot carry a lot of DNA. |
True
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Prokaryotic cells are arranged in what kind of loop?
a.) Spiral b.) Circular c.) Round |
b.) Circular
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In the _______________ cell cycle, a relatively long period of growth occurs, during which the cell replicates its DNA, followed by a type of cell division called __________________ _________________ (two words).
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prokaryotic; prokaryotic fission
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Another word for prokaryotic fission is ______________ _______________ (two words).
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binary fission
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There are _________ (number) stages to the cell growth and DNA replication stage of the prokaryotic cell cycle.
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five
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A ______________ cell has two of each chromosome, one from each parent.
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diploid
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A _______________ cell only has one copy of every chromosome.
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haploid
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The term ___________________ _________________ (two words) is used to describe cell division in prokaryotic cells.
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prokaryotic fission
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What occurs in STAGE 1 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE ?
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The prokaryotic chromosome is usually attached to the inside of plasma membrane.
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In the 1st stage of the PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE, the ________________________ is attached to the inside of the ___________________ _____________________ of the cell.
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chromosome; plasma membrane
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What happens in STAGE 2 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE ?
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DNA Replicates, during cell growth, and the resulting two chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane at nearby points.
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What happens in STAGE 3 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE?
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New Plasma Membrane is added between the two attachment points, pushing the two chromosomes farther apart.
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What occurs in STAGE 4 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE?
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The plasma membrane grows inward at the middle of the cell.
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What happens in STAGE 5 OF THE PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE?
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The parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
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_______________________ cells have:
1. Cell wall (made of cellulose) 2. Large central vacuole 3. Chloroplasts |
Plant
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In eukaryotes, the central dogma of biology is_____________ --> ___________ --> ______________
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DNA --> RNA --> Protein
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___________________ cells have centrioles.
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Animal
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Plant cells have a __________ ___________ made of cellulose.
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cell wall
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_________________ cells have a Large Central Vacuole.
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Plant
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Chloroplasts are contained within ___________ cells.
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Plant
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Which ones of these are eukaryotes?
Animals Protists Plants Fungi |
Animals
Protists Plants Fungi (All of them are) |
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Is it true that Eukaryotic cells have a (1.) Nucleus
(2.) Genetic Material (3.) Plasma Membrane (4.) Ribosomes (5.) Cytoplasm-including cytoskeleton |
YES,
All of these are true |
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Name the 5 other membrane-bound internal structures, or organelles, found in Eukaryotic cells?
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1. Mitochondria
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Golgi bodies 3. Lysosomes 4. Vesicles |
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True or False:
Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus. |
True
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Eukaryotes have what range of multiple chromosomes?
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2 to 1200
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Prokaryotes ( do / do not ) have a nucleus or membrane bound organelle.
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DO NOT
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A eukaryotic chromosome consists of ________________ DNA Double Helix, bound to ________________.
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Linear; Proteins
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What is the DNA Helix length of a eukaryotic chromosome?
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Length ranges from 50 million to 250 million nucleotides.
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_______________ chromosomes differ from _______________ chromosomes in that they are separated from the cytoplasm in a membrane-bound nucleus
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Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic
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________________________ cells always have multiple chromosomes---the smallest number being ________ and that moist having more than ___________.
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Eukaryotic
2 1200 |
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Each human chromosome contains a single DNA double helix; ranging in length from about _____ million to _____ million nucleotides
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50 million
250 million |
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For most of a cell's life, the ___________ in each chromosome is wrapped around proteins called __________________, which form "beads".
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DNA; histones
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Chromosome structure; (1) Eukaryotic chromosome
contains a single DNA __________ - ____________ (2) DNA is wrapped around proteins like "beads", or ______________. (3) Histone/beads ___________ - ____ like a slinky, getting shorter. (4)These coils attach in __________ to protein "scaffold", getting even shorter. (5) During cell division, other proteins ___________ the chromosome, condensing the DNA. |
1. double-helix
2. histones 3. coil-up 4. loops 5. fold |
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The prokaryotic cell cycle consists of what two things?
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1.) Growth & DNA Replication
2.) Prokaryotic Fission |
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Each gene occupies a specific "place" (Latin) , or _____________, on a chromosome.
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locus (plural, loci)
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Human chromosomes may contain as few as _______ genes , the lowest Y chromosome, to over________ genes, in "Chromosome 1", the largest chromosome.
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70
3000 |
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Every chromosome has genes, and specialized regions that are crucial to its structure and function; ________ telomeres and _____ centromere.
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2 telomeres
1 centromere |
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Meaning "end body" in Greek, _________________, are protective caps at each end of a chromosome.
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telomeres
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Telomeres are crucial to structure and function of chromosomes for 2 reasons. Name them both.
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1.) Protective caps at the end of chromosome; preventing genes from being lost during DNA replication.
2.) Keep chromosomes from fusing with one another. |
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Each gene occupies a specific place, or _____________ on a chromosome.
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locus (plural, loci)
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Human chromosomes may contain as few as ______ genes (lowest for Y chromosome) to over ________ genes (in chromosome 1,the largest chromosome).
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70
3,000 |
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In addition to genes, every chromosome has specialized regions that are crucial to its structure and function: ______ telomeres and ______ centromere.
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2
1 |
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In addition to genes, every chromosome has specialized regions that are crucial to its structure and function. These are called ___________ and ___________.
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telomeres (2) & centromere (1)
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________________are protective caps at each end of a chromosome. Name two reasons why they are important.
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Telomeres
(1.) Without telomeres at each end of the chromosomes, genes would be lost during DNA replication. (2.) They keep chromosomes from fusing with one another. |
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The second specialized region of the chromosome is the __________________. Name its 2 principle functions.
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centromere
(1.) It temporarily holds two daughter DNA double helices together after DNA replication. (2.) It is the attachment site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division. |
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At the end of DNA replication, a __________________ ___________________ (2 words) consists of two sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere.
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duplicated chromosome
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After DNA replication, two identical DNA double helices are called sister _________________, which are attached to each other at the centromere.
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chromatids
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The entire set of chromosomes from a single cell is called its __________________.
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karyotype
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The two chromosomes that make up a pair are called _______________ ____________________ .
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homologous chromosomes, or homologues
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Homologous (Gk.) means "_______________"
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to say the same thing
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Cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called __________________, meaning "double".
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diploid
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Humans have _________ pairs of chromosomes for a total of __________.
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23
46 |
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True or False:
Homologous chromosomes are -same length -same staining pattern -same arrangement and order of genes |
True
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Homologous chromosomes of similar appearance and similar DNA sequence, are called _______________, and are paired in diploid cells of both sexes.
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autosomes
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Human karyotype contains ____ pairs of chromosomes or for a total of _____.
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23
46 |
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Humans and most other mammals, have ___ sex chromosomes: either ___ X (females) or an X and Y chromosome (males).
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2
2 |
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When a cell copies the DNA of one homologue but not the other, a change occurs in nucleotide sequence in DNA, which results in ____________.
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mutations
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Enduring mutations, inherited generation after generation, are called _______________.
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alleles
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True or False:
A single mutation can have a negative consequence for the whole organism, such as in the case of sickle-cell anemia. |
True
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True or False:
In some cases of mutation, the changes may benefit the organism carrying it, helping it to survive and reproduce more successfully than other members of its species. |
True
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A haploid cell has ______ of the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell.
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half
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Most cells in our bodies are ( diploid / haploid ) .
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diploid
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True or False:
During sexual reproduction, cells in the ovaries or testes undergo meiotic cell division to produce gametes (sperm or eggs). |
True
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True or False:
Each gamete contains only one member of each pair of autosomes and one of the 2 sex chromosomes. |
True
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Cells that contain only one of each type of chromosome are called __________________, meaning single.
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haploid
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In humans, a haploid cell contains ____ of each of the ____ autosomes, plus either an X or Y sex chromosome, for a total of ____ chromosomes.
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1
22 23 |
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The haploid number, n , for human species is _____.
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23 (22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome)
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Diploid cells contain 2n chromosomes, thus the body cells of humans have _____ (2n) chromosomes.
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2n= 2 X 23, which equals 46; your answer is 46.
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