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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Signs of a Stroke |
- sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg especially on one side of the body. -sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding -sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes -sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, -sudden severe headache with no known cause |
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nonmodifiable risk factors |
risk factors that cannot be changed: age, race, gender, and heredity |
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CVA risk factors |
more common in men, African Americans, 51 to 74 years old, family history |
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Causes of strokes among young |
drug abuse, use of birth control pills in combination with smoking, congenital heart conditions, mitral valve prolapse, atrial fibrillation, infectious endocarditis, sickle cell anemia, rheumatic fever, and leukemia |
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modifiable risk factors |
can be eliminated or controlled |
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pathologic disorders that are modifiable risk factors of CVA
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hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, hypotension, migraine headaches, conditions that increase the risk of blood clotting |
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Lifestyle factors that are modifiable risk factors of CVA |
excessive alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, high fat diet, drug abuse |
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Common signs and symptoms of TIA |
dizziness, momentary confusion, loss of speech, loss of balance, tinnitus, visual disturbances, ptosis, dysarthria, dysphagia, drooping mouth, weakness, and tingling or numbness on one side of the body |
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MRI |
brain imaging studies are able to confirm a TIA |
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Bruit |
a swooshing noise may be heard over a carotid artery. The noise can be heard during auscultation, reveals that the artery is partially obstructed as with an atherosclerotic plaque |
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Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin) |
Recommended for initial treatment for TIA either alone or in combination with ER dipyridamole (Aggrenox) or Clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix) to decrease platelet clumping |
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Warfarin and Heparin |
anticoagulant agents that can be used alone or in combination in patients exhibiting a cardioembolic TIA |
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Dosage of Warfarin |
dosage is based on PT and INR. PT is usually kept in a therapeutic range of 1.5 to 2.0 times normal and the INR at 2.0 to 3.0 |
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Heparin therapy |
monitored with aPTT (partial thromboplastin time) |
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carotid endarterectomy |
the surgical removal of plaques in the artery to permit improved blood flow |
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transluminal angioplasty |
improves blood flow by dilating the narrowed artery with a balloon that is inserted into the artery |
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stroke in evolution |
when symptoms of a stoke progress over hours or days |
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completed stroke |
when neurologic deficits do not change for 2 to 3 days |
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two classifications of stroke |
hemorrhagic and ischemic |
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hemorrhagic stroke |
a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeding into the brain occurs. ICP may increase |
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intracerebral hemorrhage |
within the cerebrum. is associated with trauma, uncontrolled hypertension, and aneurysms |
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subarachnoid hemorrhage |
between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the brain covering. May be caused by congenital malformations of the blood vessels in the brain or by rupture of an aneurysm |
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ischemic stroke |
caused by the obstruction of a blood vessel by an atherosclerotic plaque, by a blood clot, by a combination of the two or by debris released into the vessel that impedes blood flow to an area of the brain |
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thrombotic stroke |
develops when an obstruction forms in a blood vessel of the brain |
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lacunar stroke |
results from occlusion of the small penetrating arteries deep within the brain |
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symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke |
worst headache of my life, stiff neck, loss of consciousness, vomiting, and seizures |
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aphasia |
: defect in the use of language: speech, reading, writing, or word comprehension. located in left hemisphere |
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expressive aphasia |
difficulty speaking and writing |
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fluent aphasia |
sounds normal but makes little sense |
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nonfluent aphasia |
difficulty initiating speech |
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global aphasia |
speech is impaired to the point that the person has almost no ability to communicate. |
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dysarthria |
inability to speak clearly |
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dysphagia |
difficulty swallowing |
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dyspraxia |
partial inability to initiate coordinated voluntary motor acts |
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hemiplegia |
paralysis of one side of the body. The affected side is opposite from the side of the brain in which the stroke occured |
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sensory impairment |
common after a stroke, unable to feel touch, pain, temperature in affected body parts |
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unilateral neglect |
patients do not recognize one side of their body as belonging to them. common with right hemisphere damage |
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homonymous hemianopsia |
perceptual problem that involves loss of one side of the field of vision |
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emotional changes |
patients feel emotional after a stroke |
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Elimination disturbances |
acute phase of a stroke, patient may experience neurogenic bladder, bowel incontinence |
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Hypertension |
high blood pressure is common during and immediately after a stroke |
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oxygenation |
a priority immediately after a stroke |
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hyperthermia |
fever is common after a stroke. can be managed with tylenol (acetaminophen) |
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Hyperglycemia |
those experiencing a stroke will develop this. Even when there is an absent of a history of diabeties. maintain serum levels of <140 |
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t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) |
may be given to dissolve clots in patients with acute ischemic attacks. reverse effects of ischemic stroke. it is most effective when given 3 hours of the onset of stroke symptoms |
