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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
virulent
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disease causing
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Transformation
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transfer of genetic material from one cell or organism to another cell or organism
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bacteriophages
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viruses that infect bacteria
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Nucleotide
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a 3 part subunit consisting of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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Deoxyribose
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the 5 carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
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Phosphate group of a nucleotide
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phosphorous (P) atom bonded to 4 oxygen (O) atoms
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Nitrogenous base of a nucleotide
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nitrogen (N) atoms and carbon (C) atoms, a base that accepts hydrogen atoms
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Purines
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double ring of carbon and the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) or guanine (G)
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Pyrimidines
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single ring of carbon and the nitrogenous bases of Cystosine (C) or Thymine (T)
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base-pairing rules, complementary base pairs
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in DNA bases cytosine on one strand always pairs with guanine on the opposite strand and adenine always pairs with thymine
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Base Sequence
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the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA
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DNA replication
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process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission. The 2 nucleotide strands separate and each strand serves as a template to make a new complementary strand
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Helicases
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Enzymes that separate strands of DNA, by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogeonous bases
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replication fork
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the Y-shaped region that results when 2 strands of DNA separate
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DNA polymerases
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enzymes that add complementary nucleotides to each original strand of DNA
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semi-conservative replication
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the method of DNA replication in which each new DNA double helix contains one strand from the original molecule and one new strand
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mutation
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a mistake in DNA replication in which the base sequence of newly formed DNA differs from the base sequence, or nucleotide sequence of the original DNA
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RNA
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an intermediate nucleic acid that directs the making of proteins
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Transcription
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DNA acts as a template for the synthesis for RNA
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Translation
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RNA directs the assembly of proteins
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protein synthesis
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the formation of organic material based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA, i.e.:
DNA RNA protein |
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List the 4 Differences between DNA and RNA
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1. RNA contains the sugar ribose; DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil; DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine 3. RNA is usually single stranded; DNA is double stranded 4. RNA is usually much shorter than DNA |
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purines of RNA
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adenine and guanine
(same as DNA) |
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pyrimidines of RNA
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uracil and cytosine
(DNA has thymine and cytosine) |
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Name the 3 major types of RNA and give their function
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1. Messenger RNA single-stranded RNA that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein (in eukaryotic goes from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytosol)
2. ribosomal RNA part of the structure of ribosomes 3. transfer RNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein |
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template by binding to a promoter and then the DNA strands will unwind and separate
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Promoter
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a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription
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termination signal
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a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene, a "stop signal" so that RNA polymerase will release both the DNA and the newly formed RNA
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genetic code
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term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid ( 3 adjacent nucleotides "letters" in mRNA specify an amino acid "word" in a polypeptide
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codon
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each 3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal
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polypeptide
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chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that make up a protein
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anticodon
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found on one end of tRNA, contains 3 nucleotides ont he RNA that are complementary to the sequence of a codon in mRNA
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genome
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the entire gene sequence of humans, the complete genetic content; contains 3.2 billion base pairs spread over 23 human chromosomes
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