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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
chemotherapy |
the use of drugs to treat a disease |
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antimicrobial drugs |
interfere with the growth of microorganisms within a host |
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antibiotic |
a substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits another microorganism |
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Fleming |
accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 based on an area of inhibition of bacterial growth. in 1940 the first clinical trials of penicillin were performed. Penicillin was the first antibiotic. |
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do human cells have cell walls? |
no. this is why antimicrobial drugs do not kill human cells. |
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action of antimicrobial drugs |
inhibition of cell wall synthesis inhibition of protein synthesis inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites injury to plasma membrane |
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beta Lactam antibacterials |
inhibit formation of cross linking peptides in peptidoglycan can't form mesh of cell wall without the cross linking |
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natural penicillins |
effective against gram (+) bacteria Penicillin G (injection) Penicillin V (oral) |
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semisynthetic penicillins |
oxacillin: narrow spectrum, only gram (+), resistant to penicillinase ampicillin: extended spectrum, many gram (-) |
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penicillinase |
enzyme that breaks open the beta lactam ring. tuns penicillin into penicilloic acid. |
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cephalosporins |
derived from Cephalosporium fungi. cephalexin, cephadrine, and ceftiaxone. 15% of those allergic to penicillin also allergic to cephalosporins |
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carbapenems |
two part drug B lactam and a compound that prevents its degradation in the kidney broad spectrum primaxin |
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polypeptide antibiotics |
bacitracin (topical, +) vancomycin (found in jungles of Bornea, narrow spectrum, +) |
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anti-mycobacterium antibiotics |
isoniazid: inhibits mycolic acid synthesis by mimicking two vitamins, niacin, and pyridoxal (vit B6) Ethambutol |
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ethambutol |
inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid in bacterial cell walls |
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Inhibitors of protein synthesis (effect ribosome) |
chloramphenicol aminoglycosides macrolides tetracyclines |
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chloramphenicol |
broad spectrum binds 50S subunits and inhibits peptide bond formation host toxicity (not usually first choice drug) |
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aminoglycosides |
broad spectrum target 30S subunit of the ribosome streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin not widely used: host toxicity can affect auditory nerve and kidney |
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tetracyclines |
broad spectrum interfere with tRNA attachment on 30S subunit of ribosome forms complexes with calcium that causes damage to teeth and bones |
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macrolides |
target the 50S subunit of the ribosome (prevent translocation) erythromycin, axithromycin, clarithromycin often used in place of B lactase for allergic ppl. |
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cause injury to the plasma membrane |
polymyxin B |
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Polymyxin B |
topical application for gram-negative infections, especially those caused buy species of Pseudomonas do not require prescription |
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inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis |
Rifampin Quinolones |
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Rifampin |
inhibits transcription (RNA synthesis) used to treat TB and leprosy side effect: reddish-orange urine, other secretions |
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Quinolones |
inhibit DNA replication by inactivating DNA gyrase used to treat UTIs Cipro bacteriostatic |
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competitive inhibitors |
sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) inhibit folic acid synthesis; enzyme can't work on substrate due to a competitive inhibitor broad spectrum Bactrim |
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anti fungal drugs |
Echinocandins Polycenes |
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Echinocandins |
inhibit cell wall synthesis ex: cancidas is used against species of the yeast Candida |
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Polyenes |
inhibit ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membrane, causing membrane permeability and cell death ex: Amphotericin B and Nystatin |
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other anti fungal drugs |
Griseofulvin Tolnaftate (Tinactin) and Terbinafine (Lamisil) |
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Griseofulvin |
inhibits fungal cell division oral med used for superficial fungal infections |
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Tolnaftate (Tinactin) and Terbinafine (Lamisil) |
topical over-the-counter meds for athletes foot |
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antiviral drugs |
nucleoside analogs (acyclovir activity) Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)/Zanamivir (Relenza) interferons |
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nucleoside analogs |
mimin structures of purines (A,G) and pyrimidines (C,T) |
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Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)/Zanamivir (Relenza) |
block neuraminidase activity of influenza A and B viruses, inhibiting viral release from the host must be taken within 24 hours of infection |
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interferons |
released by virus-infected cells and induce neighboring cells to synthesize antiviral proteins |
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imiquimod |
drug that promotes interferon production |
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mechanisms of antibiotic resistance |
enzymatic destruction of drug
blocking entry of drug alteration of drug's target site rapid ejection (efflux) of the drug |