Ch 5-8 Memory

__________ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks, in which the person is asked to produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory.

__________ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks, in which the person may be asked to identify from among several choices a fact, a word, or other item from memory.

Anytime we read, we unconsciously and effortlessly remember the meanings of particular words and even how to read. These are examples of everyday tasks that primarily involve __________ memory.

tests employ skills and knowledge that are relevant to the cultural experiences of the test-takers.

As tested by a psychologist, the capacity of Jerry's short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be 11 items. Jerry's short-term memory capacity is ________

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), the __________ store refers to the memory store characterized as having the greatest capacity for storing information and the longest duration for memory storage

This model of memory consists of four main elements: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer (plus additional subsidiary slave systems). This model is known as

__________ are persons who use memory-enhancing techniques for greatly improving their memory or who have a distinctive sensory or cognitive ability to remember information.

Jimmy knows how to ride a bicycle. This is an example of a task that involves __________ knowledge.

__________ knowledge refers to a recognition and understanding of factual information (i.e., "knowing that").

The consolidation of encoded information in the long-term store seems to depend primarily on the

Information stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily ________

An individual can reflect on and use his/her awareness or knowledge to influence thinking. This use of your knowledge about cognitive processes is called ________

People tend to learn better when they acquire knowledge via __________ learning.

In an effort to remember some grocery items, Andrew visualizes a huge loaf of bread, with a bottle of soda balanced on one side of the bread and a can of soup on the other. Andrew is using a ________

__________ occurs when competing information causes us to forget something.

Retroactive interference is caused by activity occurring __________ we learn something and __________ we are asked to recall that thing.

Proactive interference occurs when the interfering material occurs __________ rather than __________ learning of the to-be-remembered material.

A typical serial position curve shows that recall of words in a list is best for items __________ of the list and poorest for items __________.

__________ occurs when simply the passage of time causes us to forget.

Many people believe that they remember with great detail and vividness the context in which they heard the news that the Challenger space shuttle had exploded. This is an example of a(n) __________ memory.

"The U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789" is an example of __________

This type of code for representing information preserves some feature of what is being represented (e.g., a model showing the paths & distances from the sun of the various planets).

This type of code for representing information arbitrarily stands for what it represents and does not preserve some of the original features.

One view of ambiguous figures suggests that there are two types of manipulations. These are _______

In a study on image scanning, Kosslyn found that it takes longer mentally to scan across _________

Johnson-Laird suggests that mental representations may take one of three forms. This particular form of representation consists of knowledge structures based on prior experience that help one to understand his/her experiences.

According to Gazzaniga and Sperry, lesions in the right hemisphere are associated with impaired ________

Martha Farah found that visual imagery and spatial imagery appear to be separate subsystems of ________

In reference to landmark knowledge, people tend to distort their mental images so that their mental estimates of distances increase in relation to the number of _________

Bill has often seen a main city street lined with buildings. He attempts to mentally represent the street, but he distorts it so that the buildings are all the same distance from the street, when in reality they are different distances from the street. Which heuristic has Bill used?

The fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge is typically viewed as a

Whereas a __________ feature is possessed by every instance of a concept, a __________ feature need not be.

A __________ refers to a mental framework for meaningfully organizing various interrelated concepts.

A(n) __________ refers to a condition-action ("if-then") sequence, to generation output of a procedure.

An example of a simple __________ for a pedestrian to cross the street at an intersection with a traffic light includes the person first having to test whether the light is red or green. If it is red, the person stops and again tests whether the light is still red. If it is green, the person starts moving.

Timmy, a 4-year-old, has learned that to stay warm in the winter cold, one must wear lots of clothes. He learned this after several trials of going outside under clothed and coming into the house uncomfortably cold. This type of knowledge is referred to as __________ knowledge.

__________ refers to the facilitation of information retrieval, as a result of prior stimulation or activation of related information (or even of the same information).

Anderson's model of mental representation and information processing incorporates both declarative and procedural knowledge. Declarative is represented in a propositional network while procedural is represented in a production system. The name of this model is

The __________ process refers to a process by which stimuli activate nodes within a network and activation causes connections between nodes to become active.

__________ refers to the overall process by which we transform slow, explicit information about procedures ("knowing that") into speedy, implicit implementations of procedures ("knowing how").

This technique has been used for centuries in which researchers document the behaviors of individuals thought to have brain damage and then after the person dies, they examine the brain for lesions.

These techniques take advantage of the brain's consumption of glucose or oxygen and specifically look for which part of the brain is most active "during more generalized processing." The active part of the brain would require more resources than inactive areas.

__________ refers to the perception that a given object remains the same even when the immediate sensation of the object changes.

__________ refers to the tendency to become accustomed to a stimulus and gradually to notice it less and less.

__________ refers to a process of memory often employed in memory tasks, in which the person is asked to produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory.

The consolidation of encoded information in the _________ seems to depend primarily on the hippocampus.

__________ occurs when competing information causes us to forget something.

____________ is caused by activity occurring after we learn something and before we are asked to recall that thing.

This type of code for representing information preserves some feature of what is being represented (e.g., a model showing the paths & distances from the sun of the various planets).

A(n) __________ refers to a condition-action ("if-then") sequence, to generation output of a procedure.

__________ refers to the process of integrating various elements into a more complex whole.

During her studies, Mallory stumbles across an idea that many people in her discipline have ignored because they do not see the value in it. Mallory, in contrast, sees the hidden potential in that idea and develops its potential. This process typifies the___________of creativity.

Which form of reasoning is used in solving verbal analogies?