Ch. 9 Emergency Care & Transportation Of The Sick & Injured

9.1: Which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct?

A) The oxygen content in the alveoli is highest during the exhalation phase.

B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries.

C) The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the capillaries.

D) Blood that returns to the lungs from the body has a low carbon dioxide content.

9.2: What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

A) Minute volume increases because of a marked increase in both tidal volume and respiratory rate.

B) Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange.

C) Air is forcefully drawn into the lungs due to the negative pressure created by the rapid respirations.

D) The majority of tidal volume reaches the lungs and diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

9.3: Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as:

A) Low venous oxygen levels.

B) A decrease in arterial oxygen levels.

C) An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood.

D) Inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells.

9.4: A ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch occurs when:

A) A disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen.

B) Ventilation is inadequate due to a traumatic injury or medical condition, which results in an impairment in pulmonary gas exchange.

C) Ventilation is compromised, resulting in the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, alveoli, and the tissues and cells of the body.

D) A traumatic injury or medical condition impairs the body’s ability to effectively bring oxygen into the lungs and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

9.5: You respond to the home of an unconscious female lying supine with snoring respirations. The most likely cause of her airway compromise is:

A) Swelling due to traumatic injury.

B) An anaphylactic reaction.

C) A foreign body lodged in her wind pipe.

D) The relaxation of her tongue into the back of her throat.

9.6: You have inserted an oral airway and are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit. You should:

A) Perform a finger sweep of her mouth.

B) Ask your partner to apply cricoid pressure.

C) Roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway.

D) Remove the oral airway and suction her oropharynx.

9.7: Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask on a patient, you must ensure that the:

A) One-way valve is sealed.

B) Flow rate is set at 6 L/min.

C) Patient has reduced tidal volume.

D) Reservoir bag is fully inflated.

9.8: You and your partner are treating a 66-year-old man who experienced a sudden onset of respiratory distress. He is conscious but is unable to follow simple verbal commands. Further assessment reveals that his breathing is severely labored and his oxygen saturation is 80%. You should:

A) Attempt to insert an oropharyngeal airway.

B) Assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

C) Apply a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device and monitor his breathing.

D) Apply high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask

9.9: Which of the following statements regarding the one-person bag-mask device technique is correct?

A) The bag-mask device delivers more tidal volume and a higher oxygen concentration than the mouth-to-mask technique.

B) The C-clamp method of holding the mask to the face is not effective when ventilating a patient with a bag-mask device.

C) Bag-mask ventilations should be delivered every 2 seconds when the device is being operated by one person.

D) Adequate tidal volume is often difficult to achieve when one EMT is operating the bag-mask device.

9.10: The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the:

A) Epiglottis.

B) Vallecula.

C) Cricoid ring.

D) Thyroid cartilage.

9.11: The aspect of natural ventilation that involves the diaphragm contracting and the chest wall expanding is:

A) metabolism.

B) inhalation.

C) exhalation.

D) airway expansion.

9.12: Which of the following structures is not a part of the upper airway?

A) nasopharnyx

B) epiglottis

C) trachea

D) larynx

9.13: The process by which carbon dioxide moves from a high concentration in the capillaries to a lower concentration in the alveoli is:

A) ventilation.

B) hypoxia.

C) wicking.

D) diffusion.

9.14: A patient who is developing early stages of hypoxia may exhibit:

A) cyanosis.

B) restlessness.

C) a weak pulse.

D) a pulse oximetry reading below 80%.

9.15: A patient who takes an occasional gasping breath after his or her heart has stopped has:

A) agonal respirations.

B) ataxic respirations.

C) apneic respirations.

D) hypoxic respirations.

9.16: When inserting a nasopharyngeal airway, it is important to do all of the following except:

A) measure the size from the tip of the nose to the earlobe.

B) ensure that the bevel faces the septum when inserting into the right nare.

C) insert with a constant rotating motion.

D) lubricate the airway with a water-based lubricant.

9.17: If a D-sized oxygen cylinder contains 300 L of oxygen and is at 2,000 psi at the start of a call, the best estimate for the amount of time a patient can receive 15 L/min with a nonrebreathing mask is:

A) 10 minutes.

B) 20 minutes.

C) 30 minutes.

D) 40 minutes.

9.18: Properly performed suctioning of a patient may still cause:

A) hypoxia.

B) vomiting.

C) gastric distention.

D) aspiration.

9.19: When using a bag-valve-mask device, what key finding should you observe to assure adequate ventilation?

A) the amount of time between squeezing the bag and lifting the mask off the face

B) the patient's weight in kilograms

C) good chest rise and fall

D) the location of the patient's cricoid cartilage

9.20: The most common complication of the flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device is:

A) pneumothorax.

B) hypoventilation.

C) cricoid pressure.

D) gastric distention.

9.21: The structure also known as the "windpipe" is the:

A) trachea.

B) main bronchus.

C) larynx.

D) carina.

9.22: Fresh air breathed into the lungs contains about what percentage of oxygen?

A) 21%

B) 3%

C) 5%

D) 99%

9.23: Cells need a constant supply of oxygen to survive. Some cells may become severely or permanently damaged after what period of time without oxygen?

A) 0-1 minute

B) 1-4 minutes

C) 4-6 minutes

D 6-10 minutes

9.24: Which of the following may cause an inaccurate pulse oximetry reading?

A) carbon monoxide poisoning

B) anemia

C) dirty fingers

D) all of the above

9.25: With an oxygen rate of 15 L/min and an adequate mask-to-mouth seal, a bag-mask device with an oxygen reservoir can deliver nearly what percentage of oxygen?

A) 21%

B) 44%

C) 75%

D) 100%