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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT DOES THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE
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1. Gastrointestinal tract
2. Accessory Structures |
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WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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DIGESTION INCLUDES WHAT SIX PROCESSES
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1. Ingestion
2. Secretion 3. Mixing/propulsion (segmentation v. peristalsis) 4. Digestion (mechanical v. chemical hydrolysis) 5. Absorption 6. Defecation |
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WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT
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1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa |
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WHAT IS THE MUCOSA COMPOSED OF
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1. Epithelium
2. Lamina Propria 3. Muscularis Mucosa |
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WHAT DIGESTIVE ORGANS ARE RETROPERITONEAL
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Esophagus
pancreas duodenum ascending and descending colon |
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WHAT STIMULI PROMOTES DIGESTION, SECRETION AND MOTILITY
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Parasympathetic
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WHAT STIMULI INHIBITS DIGESTION, SECRETION AND MOTILITY
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Sympathetic
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WHAT IS THE PERITONEUM
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It is the serosa of the peritoneal cavity. It has many folds that weave between organs to bind the organs to each other and the abdominal walls and to support blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
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WHAT ARE THE FIVE MAJOR FOLDS OF THE PERITONEUM
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1. Greater Omentum
2. Falciform Ligament 3. Lesser Omentum 4. Mesentery 5. Mesocolon |
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WHAT IS THE FATTY APRON THAT DRAPES OVER THE TRANSVERSE COLON AND THE SMALL INTESTINE
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The Greater Omentum
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WHAT ATTACHES THE LIVER TO THE ANTERIOR BODY WALL AND DIAPHRAGM
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The Falciform Ligament
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WHAT SUSPENDS THE STOMACH FROM THE LESSER CURVATURE AND THE DUODENUM FROM THE ANTERIOR OF LIVER
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The Lesser Omentum
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WHAT BINDS THE JEJUNUM AND THE ILEUM TO THE POSTERIOR BODY WALL
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The Mesentery
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WHAT BINDS THE TRANSVERSE AND SIGMOID COLON TO POSTERIOR BODY WALL
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The Mesocolon
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IF ORGANS ARE BEHIND THE PARIETAL PERITONEUM OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY THEY ARE
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Retroperitoneal
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE UVULA
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It covers the opening to the nasopharyx when swallowing
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WHAT ARE THE THREE PAIRS OF SALIVARY GLANDS THAT PRODUCE THE MOST SALIVA
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1. The Parotids
2. The Submandibular 3. The Sublingual |
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WHAT IS SALIVA COMPOSED OF
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Saliva is 99.5% water and .05% sloutes
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WHAT ENZYME STARTS THE BREAKDOWN OF STARCH
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Salivary amylase
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HOW MUCH SALIVA IS PRODUCED BY THE BODY
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from 1 to 1.5 Liters per day
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PAPILLAE OF THE TONGUE AND HOW ARE THEY ASSOCIATED WITH TASTE BUDS
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1. Circumvallate Papillae: All have taste buds
2. Fungiform Papillae: Most have taste buds 3. Foliate Papillae: Most of these taste buds degenerate in childhood 4. Filiform Papillae: No taste buds |
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WHAT GLANDS MAKE LINGUAL LIPASE
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Lingual glands
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WHAT NERVES EFFECT TASTE
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VII, IX, X
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WHAT IS DEGLUTITION
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Swallowing
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WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE PHARYNX IN DIGESTION
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Deglutition (swallowing)
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WHAT IS PERISTALSIS
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Peristalsis is the wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract
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WHAT ARE THE TWO SPHINCTERS IN THE ESOPHAGUS
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1.Upper Esophageal Sphincter; skeletal muscle
2. Lower Esophageal Sphincter: smooth muscle |
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES FROM STANDARD HISTOLOGY OF THE ESOPHAGUS
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Mucosa is non keratinized stratified squamos
Muscularis; upper 1/3 is skeletal, middle 1/3 is transition, lower 1/3 is smooth Adventitia has no serosa |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH
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1. Mix
2. Reservoir 3. Gastric juice Pepsin Intrinsic factor Gastric lipase 4. HCl 5. Gastrin |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PEPSIN
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Begins protein digestion
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTRINSIC FACTOR
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allows for B 12 absorption
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF GASTRIC LIPASE
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triglyceride digestion in infants
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF HCL IN THE STOMACH
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Kills bacteria and denatures proteins
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WHAT IS GASTRIC JUICE
HOW MUCH DOES THE STOMACH PRODUCE |
HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase
2-3 Liters a day |
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WHAT DO MUCOUS SURFACE CELLS AND NECK CELLS IN THE STOMACH PRODUCE
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Mucus
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WHAT DO THE PARIETAL CELLS IN THE STOMACH PRODUCE
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HCl and intrinsic factor
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HOW IS H+ AND Cl- FROM THE STOMACH SECRETED
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From parietal cells, H+ and Cl- are secreted separately, H+ comes from Carbonic acid. The passage thru the cell involves a H+/K+ pump and a HCO3-/Cl- antiporter
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WHAT DO CHIEF CELLS IN THE STOMACH PRODUCE
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Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase
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WHAT CONVERTS PEPSINOGEN INTO PEPSIN AND WHERE
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HCl acid
In the stomach |
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WHAT DO G CELLS IN THE STOMACH PRODUCE
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The hormone gastrin
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WHAT IS THE MUSCULARIS IN THE STOMACH
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OCL
Oblique Circular Longitudinal |
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TRUE OR FALSE: THE PANCREAS IS RETROPERITONEAL
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TRUE
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THE PANCREAS CONNECTS TO WHAT PART OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
HOW |
The duodenum
Via the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct |
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THE ACINI OF THE PANCREAS PRODUCE WHAT
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Pancreatic Juice
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WHAT IS PANCREATIC JUICE
HOW MUCH IS PRODUCED |
A mixture of H2O, salts, bicarbonate, and enzymes
1.2 TO 1.5 Liters per day |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PANCREATIC JUICE
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Neutralizes HCl in chyme
Stops action of Pepsin Creates proper pH for small intestine |
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WHAT DOES PANCREATIC AMYLASE ENZYME WORK ON
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Starch
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WHAT DOES TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE AND ELASTASE ENZYME WORK ON
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Proteins or peptides
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WHAT DOES PANCREATIC LIPASE ENZYME WORK ON
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Emulsified triglycerides
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BRUSH BORDER IS ANOTHER TERM FOR
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Microvilli
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WHAT IS THE FOLD OF PARIETAL PERITONEUM BETWEEN THE TWO LOBES OF THE LIVER
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The Falciform Ligament
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TRYPSINOGEN REACTS WITH WHAT TO PRODUCE TRYPSIN
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Enterokinase
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CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE AND PROELASTASE ARE INACTIVE ENZYMES. WHAT ACTIVATES THEM
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Trypsin
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WHAT IS THE REMNANT OF THE UMBILICAL CORD
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The ligamentum teres
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE GALLBLADDER
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To store bile produced by the liver
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WHAT IS THE HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA
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It is the fusion of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. it enters the duodenum
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THE TRIAD AT SOME CORNERS OF LIVER LOBULES CONSISTS OF
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A bile duct
A hepatic artery A hepatic portal vein |
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BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LIVER IS FROM
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The hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein
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WHAT ARE KUPPFER CELLS
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Fixed macrophages in the sinusoids of the liver
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WHAT IS BILE COMPOSED OF
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Bile consists mostly of H2O plus bile acids, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, pigments, and ions
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WHAT IS THE MAIN BILE PIGMENT
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BILIRUBIN
a byproduct of heme |
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HOW MUCH BILE IS PRODUCED BY THE LIVER
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800 to 1000 mL per day
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WHAT IS THE pH OF BILE
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pH of 7.6 to 8.6
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WHAT DOES BILE DO
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Bile is an emulsifier
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
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1. Carbohydrate metabolism
2. Lipid metabolism 3. Protein metabolism 4. Processing of drugs and hormones 5. Excretion of bilirubin 6. Synthesis of bile salts 7. Storage 8. Phagocytosis 9 Activation of Vitamin D |
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HOW DOES THE LIVER AFFECT CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
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1. Glycogenolysis
2. Glycogenesis 3. Gluconeogenesis 4. converts simple sugars into glucose |
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WHAT DIGESTIVE ORGAN IS INTEGRAL IN MAINTAINING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
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The Liver
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WHAT ARE BILE SALTS MADE FROM
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Cholesterol
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HOW DOES THE LIVER AFFECT PROTEIN METABOLISM
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It deaminates Amino Acids
converts ammonia to urea makes plasma proteins |
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WHAT DOES THE LIVER STORE
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Glycogen
Vitamins A, B12, D, E, K Minerals such as Fe and Cu |
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WHAT DO RETICULOENDOTHELIAL CELLS DO
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They are also known as Kuppfer cells. They phagocytize old RBC's WBC's and some bacteria
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HOW DOES THE LIVER AFFECT LIPID METABOLISM
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1. It can make and store triglycerides
2. use fatty acids to make ATP 3. makes lipoproteins 4. makes cholesterol 5. makes bile salts |
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WHAT ARE BILE SALTS USED FOR
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The emulsification and absorption of lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins
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WHERE IS THE ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D SYNTHESIZED
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1. Skin
2. Liver 3. Kidneys |
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WHAT IS THE TARGET FOR INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
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The liver
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WHERE DOES THE SMALL INTESTINE BEGIN AND END
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Begins at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the ileocecal sphincter
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WHAT ARE THE THREE REGIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
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1. The Duodenum 10 inches in length
2. The Jejunum 3 feet in length 3. The Ileum 6 feet in length |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
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1. Segmentation and Peristalsis
2. Completes digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins, Lipids. 3. Absorption of 90% of nutrients and water |
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WHERE DOES NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION BEGIN AND END
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The small intestine
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IN THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE DUODENUM WHAT GLANDS SECRETE ALKALINE MUCUS TO NEUTRALIZE CHYME
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Duodenal/Brunner's glands
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WHAT DO THE INTESTINAL GLANDS (CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN) PRODUCE
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They make enzymes and intestinal juice
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAJOR HORMONES THAT CONTROL DIGESTION
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1. Gastrin
2. Secretin 3. CCK 4. GIP |
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WHERE IS GASTRIN MADE AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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Gastrin is made by G cells in the stomach
It promotes secretion of gastric juice Increases gastric motility Promotes growth of gastric mucosa |
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WHERE IS SECRETIN MADE AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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Secretin is made by S cells in the duodenum
It stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile |
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WHERE IS CCK MADE AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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CCK is produced in the small intestine. small amounts are also produced in the brain
It stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice Bile ejection from the gallblader Induces satiety |
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WHERE IS GIP MADE AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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GIP is made in the K cells of the small intestine
Stimulates the secretion of insulin |
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WHAT ARE THE THREE PHASES OF DIGESTION
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The three phases overlap
1. Cephalic Phase 2. Gastric Phase 3. Intestinal Phase |
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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CEPHALIC PHASE OF DIGESTION
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Prepares mouth and stomach for food
Activation of nerves VII, IX, and X VII and IX stimulate saliva production X stimulates gastric juice secretion |
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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE GASTRIC PHASE OF DIGESTION
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When food reaches the stomach
stretch and chemoreceptors activates parasympathetic neurons which stimulate peristalsis and continued gastric secretions |
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WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF DIGESTION
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Begins when food enters the small intestine.
It slows the exit of chyme from the stomach to prevent overloading of the duodenum |
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HOW MUCH INTESTINAL JUICE IS PRODUCED DAILY
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Between 1 and 2 liters
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WHERE ARE BRUSH BORDER ENZYMES MADE
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These are enzymes produced by absorptive cells of the small intestine that are inserted in or on the microvilli
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WHAT IS THE pH OF INTESTINAL JUICE
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pH of about 7.6
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WHAT ARE THE SALIVARY ENZYMES
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1. Salivary Amylase
2. Lingual Lipase |
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WHAT ARE THE STOMACH ENZYMES
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1. Pepsin
2. Gastric Lipase |
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WHAT ARE THE PANCREATIC ENZYMES
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1. Pancreatic Amylase
2.Trypsin 3. Chymotrypsin 4. Elastase 5. Carboxypeptidase 6. Pancreatic Lipase 7. Nucleases: Ribonulease and Deoxyribonuclease |
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LIST THE BRUSH BORDER ENZYMES
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1. Alpha-Dextrinase
2. Maltase 3. Sucrase 4. Lactase 5. Enterokinase 6. Peptidases: Aminopeptidase and Dipeptidase 7. Nucleosidases and Phosphatases |
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WHAT ACTIVATES PEPSIN
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Pepsin is activated from Pepsinogen by HCl
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WHAT DOES CHYME ENTERING THE SMALL INTESTINE CONTAIN
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It contains partly digested carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
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WHAT DOES CHYME ENTERING THE SMALL INTESTINE NEED TO COMPLETE DIGESTION
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It needs bile, pancreatic and small intestine enzymes
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WHAT ENZYMES DIGEST STARCHES
WHAT DO THEY PRODUCE |
1. Salivary Amylase
2. Pancreatic Amylase Produce Maltose |
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WHAT ENZYMES DIGEST PROTEINS
WHAT DO THEY PRODUCE |
1. Pepsin
2. Trypsin 3. Chymotrypsin 4. Elastase |
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WHAT ENZYMES DIGEST FATS
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1. Lingual Lipase
2. Gastric Lipase 3. Pancreatic Lipase |
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WHAT ENZYMES DIGEST NUCLEIC ACIDS
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1. Nucleases
2. Peptidases 3. Nucleosidases and Phosphotases |
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HOW IS TRYPSIN MADE
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Tripsinogen reacts with Enterokinase which activates it into Trypsin
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WHERE ARE CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS ULTIMATELY ABSORBED AFTER HAVING BEEN BROKEN DOWN
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In the blood vessels of the Villi
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WHERE DOES 90% OF ABSORPTION TAKE PLACE
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In the small intestine
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WHAT PROCESSES ARE USED FOR ABSORPTION
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1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion 3. Active Transport 4. osmosis |
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HOW ARE K+, Mg+2, PHOSPHATE AND IRON ABSORBED
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Active Transport
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WHAT ARE MICELLES
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They are bile salts that have surrounded long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides forming tiny spheres
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WHAT FUNCTION DO MICELLES HAVE
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They allow simple diffusion of lipids into the microvilli
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WHAT ARE CHYLOMICRONS
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These are large spherical masses of tryglicerides and fatty acids that have been coated with proteins after they have recombined once inside the absorptive cells
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WHERE DO CHYLOMICRONS GO
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Once they leave the absorptive cells via exocytosis they enter the lacteals
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HOW MUCH WATER IS ABSORBED BY THE INTESTINES PER DAY
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8.3 liters in the small intestine
0.9 liters in the large intestine |
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HOW MUCH WATER IS LOST IN FECES DAILY
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Less than 0.1 L
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WHERE DOES THE LARGE INTESTINE BEGIN AND END
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It begins at the Ileocecal sphincter and ends at the anus
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
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1. It completes digestion
2. Manufactures vitamins. B and K made by bacteria 3. Forms, stores and expels feces |
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WHAT IS THE APPENDIX ATTACHED TO
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It is attached to the Cecum near the ileocecal sphincter
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WHAT IS THE ANATOMY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
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1. Cecum
2. Ascending Colon 3. Hepatic flexture 4. Transverse Colon 5. Splenic Flexture 6. Descending Colon 7. Sigmoid Colon 8. Rectum 9. Anal Canal |
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WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT THE MUSCULARIS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
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The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle has 3 thickenings called the Teniae Coli
When these contract they form a pouch called the Haustra |
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WHAT DOES THE LARGE INTESTINE ABSORB
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Mostly water, also absorbs, sodium, chloride and some vitamins
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