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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentrations of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize
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absolute refractory period
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the pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood
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afterload
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leukocytes that lack granules
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agranulocytes
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stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction
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alpha effect
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a decrease in the number of red blood cells, for any reason
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anemia
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one of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
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anterior descending coronary artery
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proteins within plasma that react with antigens
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antibodies
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substances on the surface of erythrocytes that are recognized by the immune system
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antigens
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the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body
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aorta
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one of the three described portions of the aorta, the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that give rise to the right brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
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aortic arch
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the semilunar valve that regulated blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
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aortic valve
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the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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arteries
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the deposition of calcium in the arterial walls that results in a loss of elasticity and concomitant reduction in blood flow
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arteriosclerosis
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the first of the three portions of the aorta, originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries
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ascending aorta
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a disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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the site located in the right atrium adjacent to the septum that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction
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atrioventricular (AV) node
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the two valves though which blood flows from the the atria to the ventricles
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atrioventricular valves
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one of the two chambers in the heart that receives blood back from the body
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atrium
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the ability of cardiac cells to generate an impulse to contract even when there is no external nervous stimulus
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automaticity
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the vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins, it drains into the subclavian vein
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axillary vein
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receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis
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baroreceptors
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the artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum
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basilar artery
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one of the two major veins of the arm, it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein
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basilic vein
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the least common of all granulocytes, they are important in both allergic and inflammatory reactions
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basophils
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stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states
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beta effect
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a waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver
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bilirubin
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the fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, capillaries and veins and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red and white blood cells and platelets
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blood
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an abnormal "whooshing-like" sound indicating chaotic blood flow within a blood vessel
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bruit
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part of the conduction system of the heart, a continuation of the atrioventricular node
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bundle of his
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thin walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from cells into the them
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capillaries
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the pumping process begins with the onset of myocardial contractions and ends with the beginning of the next contraction
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cardiac cycle
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expressed as liters per minute, the amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in a minute
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cardiac output
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a life-threatening state of shock that develops as a result of a large pericardial effusion
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cardiac tamponade
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the point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries
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carotid bifurcation
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an opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter
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carotid canals
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a slight dilation in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure
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carotid sinus
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one of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein
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cephalic vein
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the part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance
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cerebellum
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the arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain
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cerebral arteries
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receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain and heart the respond to changes in chemical composition of the blood to help maintain homeostasis
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chemoreceptors
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small muscular strands that attach the ventricles and the valves, preventing regurgitation of blood through the valves from the ventricles to the atria
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chordae tendineae cordis
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related to the control of the heart's rate of contraction
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chronotropic state
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an interconnection of the anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain
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circle of Willis
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one of the two branches of the left main coronary artery
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circumflex coronary artery
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a group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue
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conduction system
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the ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses
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conductivity
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the strength of heart muscle contraction
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contractility
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arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
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coronary arteries
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the condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart
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coronary sinus
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the flaps that compromise the heart valves
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cusps
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the process of electrical discharge and flow of electrical activity from a cell
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depolarization
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one of the three portions of the aorta, it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis
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descending aorta
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a process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most
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diapedesis
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a continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot
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dorsalis pedis artery
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related to the control of the heart's conduction rate
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dromotropic state
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the portion of the blood ejected from the ventricle during systole
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ejection fraction
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an electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant
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electrical potential
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a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart
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electrocardiogram (ECG)
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a piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow
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embolus
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infection of a heart valve
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endocarditis
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granulocytes that contain granules that stain bright red with the acidic stain, eosin, and function in the body's allergic response
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eosinophils
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the layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart, also called visceral pericardium
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epicardium
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a naturally occurring hormone with greater stimulatory effect on beta receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug
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epinephrine
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a serious condition that results when a pregnant woman's blood type is incompatible with the fetus' blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus' red blood cells
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erythroblastosis
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disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissue, red blood cells
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erythrocytes
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the process by which red blood cells are made
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erythropoiesis
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a property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses
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excitability
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a continuation of the external iliac artery, it supplies femoral circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdomen wall, and knee
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femoral artery
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a continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein
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femoral vein
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a white insoluble protein formed in the clotting process
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fibrin
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an opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth
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foramen ovale
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depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus
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fossa ovalis
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a type leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope
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granulocyte
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a muscular, cone shaped organ whose function is to pump blood throughout the body
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heart
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the process of blood cell production in the bone marrow also called
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hematopoiesis/homopoiesis
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the protein in red blood cells that gives them their reddish color, it binds oxygen absorbed in the lungs and transports it to the tissues
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hemoglobin
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control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot
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hemostasis
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a substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting
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heparin
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a specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines and spleen
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hepatic portal system
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the veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs
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hepatic veins
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a substance found in large amounts in basophils that increase tissue inflammation
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histamine
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one of two major large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart via the right atrium, blood from the lower body is returned to the heart by it
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inferior vena cava
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related to the strength of the heart's contraction
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inotropic state
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a membrane that separates the right and left atria
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interatrial septum
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insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site
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ischemia
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a yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood
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jaundice
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the two main vessels that drain the head and neck
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jugular veins
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a cancerous condition in which certain cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues
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leukemia
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white blood vessels that are responsible for fighting infections
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leukocytes
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the opening or hollow part of a blood vessel
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lumen
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the smallest of the agranulocytes, they originate in the bone marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissues
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lymphocytes
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cells that are responsible for protecting the body against infection
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macrophages
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the area in the chest that lies between the lungs and contains the heart and great vessels
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mediastinum
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pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis
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mesenteric angina
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blockage of a mesenteric artery resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel
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mesenteric infarction
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the valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
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mitral valve
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agarnulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection
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monocytes
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an abnormal heart sound, heard as a "whooshing-like" sound indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart
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murmur
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blockage of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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heart muscle
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myocardium
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one of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes and foreign matter
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neutrophils
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a naturally occurring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug
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norepinephrine
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the first positive wave in the normal cardiac conduction pattern, it represents movement of the electrical impulse through the atria, resulting in atrial contraction
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P wave
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the two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand, creating the superficial and deep palmar arches
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palmar arches
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specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendinae cordis
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papillary muscles
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one of the two layers of serous pericardium, it is separated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid
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parietal layer
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a condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, hampering the heart's ability to expand and contract properly
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pericardial effusion
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a serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction
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pericardial fluid
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a thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart, also called the pericardium
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pericardial sac
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a life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly
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pericardiocentesis
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infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain
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pericarditis
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a thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart, also called the pericardial sac
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pericardium
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inflammatory condition involving veins, often associated with thrombus formation within the vein
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phlebitis
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a watery, straw-colored fluid that accounts for more than half of the total blood volume
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plasma
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an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots
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plasmin
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small cells in the blood that are essential for blood clot formation
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platelets
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the state of the resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge with respect to the outside of the cell
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polarized state
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the mass of nerve fibers at the end of the medulla oblongata
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pons
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a continuation of the femoral artery at the lower thigh
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popliteal artery
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the vein that forms at the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee
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popliteal vein
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a flat line or electrical pause that follows the P wave in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the time delay that occurs within the atrioventricular node
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P-R segment
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the circulatory system in the body that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart
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pulmonary circulation
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a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when an embolus travels from one part of the body to the lungs, blocking blood flow to a portion of the lung
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pulmonary embolism
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the semilunar valve the regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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pulmonic valve
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the second positive waveform that follows the P-R segment in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the depolarization of the ventricles, this complex corresponds to ventricular contraction or systole
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QRS complex
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spasms that develop in the digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips
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Raynaud's phenomenon
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the latter phase of repolarization in which the cells are able to respond to a stronger-than-normal stimulus
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relative refractory period
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the process of returning to the cardiac cells' resting or polarized state that occurs once the cardiac cells depolarize
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repolarization
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an acute condition that affects children and young adults and may result in permanent damage to the aortic and mitral valves
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rheumatic fever
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the longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot
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saphenous vein
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the two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that divide the heart from the aorta and pulmonary artery
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semilunar valves
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the inner membrane of the pericardium, which contains two layers called the visceral and parietal pericardium
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serous pericardium
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the normal site of the origin of electrical impulses; located high in the right atrium, it is the heart's natural pacemaker
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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a part of the hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize drugs
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sinusoids
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a molecular (ion transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium moved in
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sodium-potassium pump
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the second pause that occurs in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the beginning or repolarization of the heart
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ST segment
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the amount of blood that the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per contraction
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stroke volume
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the proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest, wall and shoulder
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subclavian artery
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the proximal part of the main vein of the arm, which unites with the internal jugular vein
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subclavian vein
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one of two major large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart via the right atrium, blood from the upper body is returned by it
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superior vena cava
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the circulatory system in the body that is responsible for blood flow in all areas of the body, except for areas covered by the pulmonary circulation
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systemic circulation
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contraction of the ventricular mass with its concomitant pumping of blood into the systemic circulation
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systole
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the third positive waveform in the normal electrical conduction pattern, it represents the completion of repolarization
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T wave
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blood clots
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thrombus
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an enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plus, forming the final mature clot
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thrombin
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a continuation of the veins of the feet that unite at the knee to form the popliteal vein, which then drains into the femoral vein
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tibial veins
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a major component in the fibrinolytic system, in which clots that have already formed are lysed or disrupted, converting plasminogen to plasmin
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tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
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the heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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the outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue
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tunica adventitia
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the smooth, thin, inner lining of a blood vessel
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tunica intima
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the middle and thicket layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
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tunica media
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the blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart
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veins
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space between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain
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venous sinuses
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one of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
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ventricle
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the layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart, also called the epicardium
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visceral layer
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