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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fascia |
Surrounds each muscle and may project beyond the ends of it's muscle fibers forming a cordlike tendon |
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Aponeuroses |
The connective tissues associated with a muscle form broad, fibrous sheets called. Which may attach to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles |
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Tendon |
It's fibers may intertwine with those in the periosteum of a bone, attaching the muscle to the bone |
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Fascia |
Individual skeletal muscle is seperated from adjacent muscles and held in position by layers of dense connective tissue called |
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Epimysium |
Layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle |
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Epimysium |
May merge with the surrounding deep fascia |
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Perimysium |
Extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small sections |
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Fascicles |
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers |
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Endomysium |
Each muscle fiber within a fascicle lies within a layer of connective tissue in the form of a thin covering called |
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Deep fascia |
The portion of the network that surrounds the muscles |
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Subcutaneous fascia |
Lies just beneath the skin forming the subcutaneous layer |
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Subserous fascia |
The connective tissue layer of the serous membranes covering organs and various body cavities and lining those cavities |
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Skeletal muscle fiber |
Single muscle cell |
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Myofibrils |
Abundant long parallel structures in sarcoplasm they consist of two types of protein filaments thick and thin |
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Myosin |
Thick filaments composed of the protein myosin |
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Myosin |
Are in thick filaments in myofibrils |
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Sarcomeres |
Striations form a repeating pattern of units called |
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Actin |
Are in the thin filaments in a myofibril |
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Titin |
The myosin filaments are also held in place by the zines and are attached to them by a large protein called |
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Troponin |
Have three protein subunits and are attached to actin |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Within the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber is a network of membranous channels that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it these channels form the |
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Tropomyosin |
Are rod-shaped and occupy the longitudinal grooves of the actin helix |
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Transverse tubules |
I set of membranous channels extends into the sarcoplasm as invaginations continuous with the sarcolemma and contains extracellular fluid |
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Cisternae |
Each transverse tubale lies between two and largest portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called these three structures form a triad near the region where the actin and myosin filaments overlap |
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Muscle fibers |
Cylindrical cells with many nuclei |
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Cytoplasm |
Contains mitochondria sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils of actin and myosin |
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Troponin tropomyosin |
Associate with actin filaments |
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Transverse tubules |
Extend from cell membrane into the cytoplasm and are associated with the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Muscle fiber contraction |
Results from sliding movement of actin and myosin filaments overlapping that shortens the muscle fiber |
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Synapse |
Cite of functional connection between neuron and cell |
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Neurotransmitters |
Neurons communicate with the sales that they control by releasing chemicals called at the synapse |
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Neurotransmitter molecules |
If use a very short distance to the sale being controlled where they have a special effect |
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Motor neurons |
Neurons that control effectors including skeletal muscle fibers |
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Neuromuscular junction |
The synapse where motor neuron axon and A skeletal muscle fiber meet |
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Neuromuscular junction |
Here the muscle fiber membrane is specialized to form a motor end plate |
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Motor end plate |
Renault Clio and mitochondria are abundant in the sarcolemma is extensively folded |
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Synaptic cleft |
The small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber |
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Acetylcholine ACH |
Is the nearest transmitter that motor neurons used to control skeletal muscle contraction |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
In response to stimulation it releases calcium ions |
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Troponin |
Combined with calcium ions causing the tropomyosin to shift and expose active sites on the actin for myosin binding |
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Cross bridges |
Form between myosin and actin and actin filaments move inward shortening the sarcomere |
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Cross bridge cycling |
A myosin head can attach to an actin binding site to form across bridge which pulls on actin filament the myosin head condena release the actin and attache to another Active binding site farther down the actin filament and pull again |
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Acetylcholinesterase |
Rapidly decomposes acetylcholine remaining in the synapse preventing continuous stimulation of a muscle fiber |
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Atp |
Supplies energy for muscle fiber contraction |
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Creatine phosphate |
Stores energy that can be used to synthesize atp as it is decomposed |
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Anaerobic reactions |
Yield few atp molecules |
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Aerobic reactions |
Provide many atp molecules |
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Hemoglobin |
In red blood cells carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells |
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Myoglobin |
In muscle cells temporarily stores some oxygen |
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Oxygen debt |
Includes the amount of oxygen required to react accumulated lactic acid to form glucose and to restore supplies of atp and creatine phosphate |
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Threshold stimulus |
Is the minimal stimulus needed to elicit a muscular contraction |
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Twitch |
A single, short contraction of a muscle fiber |
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Myogram |
Is a recording of the contraction of an electrically stimulated muscle or muscle fiber |
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Latent period |
Time between stimulus and responding contraction |
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Partial tetany |
At higher frequencies of stimulation, contraction with little time for relaxation is called |
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Complete (fused) tetanic contraction |
Forceful sustained contraction without any relaxation |
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Recruitment |
Multiple motor units summation, as the intensity of stimulation increases recruitment of motor units continues until finally all motor units are activated in that muscle |
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Motor unit |
Motor neuron and muscle fibers |
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Summation |
Increased force of contraction of skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes |
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Motor units |
Respond in all or nothing manner |
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At low intensity stimulation |
Relatively few motor neurons contract |
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Tetanic contractions |
Common in everyday activities |
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Muscle tone |
Even when a muscle appears at rest some of its fibers undergo sustained contraction this is called |
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Isotonic |
Type of contraction that occurs when a muscle contracts and its ends are pulled closer together because the muscle shortens it is called a concentric contraction |
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Eccentric reaction |
Another type of isotonic reaction called a lengthening contraction, occurs when divorce a muscle generates is less than that required to move or lift an object has been laying a book down on the table even in such a contraction cross bridges are working but not generating enough force to shorten the muscle |
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Isometric |
Equal length change in force, occur continously in postural muscles that stabilize skeletal parts and hold the body upright pushing against a wall |
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The speed of contraction |
Is related to a muscles specific function |
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Fast contracting muscles |
White muscles have reduced ability to carry on the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration and tend to fatigue rapidly |
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Slow contracting muscles |
Or red muscles can generate atp fast enough to keep up with atp breakdown and can contract for long periods |
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Smooth muscle cells |
Contain filaments of myosin and actin, lack reverse tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticula are not well developed, types include multiunit smooth muscle, and visceral smooth muscle |
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Visceral smooth muscle |
Displays rhythmicity |
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Multiunit smooth muscle |
Cells are less well organized and function as separate units, independent of neighboring cells |
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Multiunit smooth muscle |
Smooth muscle of this type is found in the irises of the eyes |
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Multiunit smooth muscle |
Found in the walls of large blood vessels |
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Multiunit smooth muscle |
Contracts only after stimulation by neurons or certain hormones |
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Visceral smooth muscle |
Is composed of sheets of spindle shaped cells held in close contact by gap junctions |
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Peristalsis |
These two features of visceral smooth muscle - conduction of impulses from cell to cell and rhythmicity - are largely responsible for the wavelike motion called |
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Peristalsis |
Certain tubular organs, consists of alternate contractions and relaxations of the longitudinal and circular muscles |
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Peristalsis |
Intestines, urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
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Smooth muscle cells |
Don't have troponin, they have a protein called calmodulin |
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Calmodulin |
In smooth muscle,binds to calcium ions released when it's cells are stimulated, activating contraction |
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Cardiac muscle |
Contracts for a longer time than skeletal muscle because transverse tubules supply extra calcium ions |
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Smooth muscle |
Slower to contract and relax than skeletal muscle, can forcefully contract longer with the same amount of atp,can change length without changing taughtness |
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Levers |
Bones and muscles function together as |
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Interval a teddy discs |
Connect the ends of cardiac muscle cells and hold the cells together, transmit the force of contraction from one cell to the next,as well as aid in the rapid transmission of impulses to the heart |
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Network of cells |
Contracts as a unit and responds to stimulation in an all or none manner |
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Origin |
Immovable end of the muscle |
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Insertion |
Moveable end od a muscle, contraction pulls the insertion to the origin |
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Prime mover |
Muscle doing majority of work |
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Synergist |
Helper muscles that help the agonist ex pectoralis major, a chest muscle, and latissimus dorsi, a back muscle are synergistic for medial rotation of the arm |
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Epicranius |
Origin occipital bone, insertion skin around eye, elevates eyebrow as when surprised, facial nerve |
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Orbicularis oculi |
O maxillary and frontal bones, I skin around eye, a closes eye as in blinking, facial nerve |
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Orbicularis oris |
O Muscles near the mouth, I skin of central lip, a closes lips, protrudes lips as for kissing, facial nerve |
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Buccinator |
O alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, I orbicularis oris,a compresses cheeks, facial nerve |
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Zygomaticus major |
Zygomatic bone, skin and muscle at corner of mouth, a elevates corner of mouth as when smiling, facial nerve |
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Zygomaticus minor |
O zygomatic bone, skin and muscle at corner of mouth, elevates corner of mouth when smiling , facial nerve |
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Platysma |
Fascia in upper chest, skin and muscles below mouth;mandible, a depresses lower lip and angle of mouth as when pouting, facial nerve |