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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hierarchy of Organization
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Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism
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Examples of Organelles/ Functions
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Golgi - packages, Mitochondria - makes energy, cellular respiration, RER - membranous network in eukaryotic cells, Ribosomes - protein synthesis, Chlorophyll
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Atom vs. Molecule
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Atoms are the chemical building blocks of all matter, which are ordered into the more complex biological molecules
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Emergent Properties
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Order, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Energy Utilization (photosynthesis, ATP, cellular respiration), Responsiveness to environment, Homeostasis, Evolutionary Adaptation
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Reductionism
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Reducing complex system into simpler components
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Hooke
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(1665) first to describe and name cell (cork)
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Leeuwenhoek
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(1753) made microscope, discovered single-celled organisms (microorganisms)
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Schleiden & Schwann
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(1839) concluded that all living things consist of cells (leads to cell theory)
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Basics of DNA
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The substance of genes and the units of inheritance; made up of four kinds of nucleotides; double helix shape
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Ecosystem dynamics
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Nutrients cycle between abiotic and biotic components; energy from sun --> producers --> consumers --> lost as heat
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Enzymes
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Organic catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, allows it to respond to changing conditions
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Regulatory Mechanisms
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positive and negative feedback; ensure dynamic balance in living systems
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Positive feedback
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Speeds up a process - blood clotting
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Negative Feedback
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slows or stops processes, body temperature increase -- why we sweat so that the body cools to set point
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Energy Conversion
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plants convert solar energy to chemical energy; work of cells relies on chemical energy which is converted to kinetic energy, which is dissipated as heat
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Homeostasis
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Maintaining an internal balance, uses positive and negative feedback
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Taxonomic Levels
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the grouping of species;
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom |
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Protista
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consists of unicellular eukaryotes and simple multicellular relatives
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Fungi
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multicellular eukaryotes, decomposers
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Animalia
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multicellular eukaryotes, obtain food by ingestion, motile
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Plantae
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Multicellular eukaryotes, produce own food through photosynthesis
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Monera
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all prokaryotes
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Archaea
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unicellular, prokaryotes; much like bacteria, but uses different chemicals for cellular respiration (?)
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Prokaryotes
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Have no nuclear membrane; bacteria and archaea
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Eukaryotes
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the membrane encloses the nucleus (nuclear membrane) and the organelles, DNA on chromosomes
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Domains
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3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
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Kingdoms
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Protista, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Archaea, Monera
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Why Domains over Kingdoms?
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In kingdoms, all prokaryotes are recognized as members of Monera; while in the Domains, Bacteria and Archaea separates prokaryotes because Archaea may be more closely related to eukaryotes
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Evolution, Natural Selection, Darwin (Origin of Species), descent with modification
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connects all life by common ancestry, individuals in a population of species vary in many heritable traits; descent with modification - differences due to natural selection
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Scientific Method
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Observations, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test. Must have a testable hypothesis, needs a control
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Inductive Reasoning
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Specific to generalized observations
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Deductive Reasoning
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Makes a general observation/ hypothesis to specific predictions
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass
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Mass
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The amount of matter in an object (like weight, except not affected by gravity)
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Element
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a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions
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Compound
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a substance composed of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio; organized matter having emergent properties
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Molecule
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two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Atom
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smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element
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Proton
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Subatomic Particle, positive charge, one Dalton
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Neutron
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subatomic particle, no charge, 1 Dalton
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Electron
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subatomic particle, negative charge, weight negligible
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Life's Essential Elements
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C, O, H, N, P, Ca, S, K
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Atomic number
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# of protons (and electrons), unique to element
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Atomic Weight
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Approximation of the total mass of atom
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Atomic mass
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the sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Atoms of a given element have same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than others
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Stable vs. Radioactive
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Stable - do not lose particles; radioactive decays spontaneously
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Radioactive uses
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Radioactive isotopes useful as tracers of atoms through metabolism, diagnostic tool to monitor chemical processes as they occur in the body (PET scans, Autoradiography)
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Energy levels of electrons
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only electrons enter into chemical reactions; electrons can change shell but only by absorbing or losing amt. of energy (move farther from nucleus = absorb energy; move to closer shell = release energy)
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Electron configuration
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2 electrons in first shell, maximum of 8 electrons in second shell
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Chemical Properties/ Behaviors (electrons)
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chemical behavior depends on # of e's in outermost shell (valence electrons in valence shell)
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Reactivity of atoms
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arises from the presence of unpaired electrons in one or more orbitals of their valence shells
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Covalent Bonds
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When two atoms share a pair of valence electrons
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Ionic Bonds
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If two atoms are very different in their attraction of shared electron, the more electronegative atom may completely transfer an electron from one atom to another
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Structural Formula
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H -- H
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Double Covalent Bond
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in oxygen molecule, two pairs of valences electrons are shared
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Polar covalent bond
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if one element is more electronegative - it pulls shared electrons closer to itself (more water-like ??) (slight positive/ negative charge)
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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if atoms have similar electronegativities, electrons remained equally shared
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Electronegativity
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the attraction of an atom for shared electrons
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Ions
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Complete transfer of an electron from another atom
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Cation
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Atom that loses an electron, results in a positive charge
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Anion
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Atom that gains an electron, negatively charged
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Hydrogen bonds
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weak bond, when H atom is covalently bonded with an electronegative atom, has partial positive charge
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Van der Waals interactions
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momentary uneven distributions produce changing positive and negative regions
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Chemical equilibrium
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the same number and kinds of atoms are present in both the reactants and the products
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Molecular shape
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atoms form covalent bonds, their s and 3 p orbital hybridize to form teardrop-shaped orbitals in tetrahedral arrangement
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Chemical Reactions
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involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds in transformation of matter into different forms (matter is conserved)
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