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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reconstitution
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- involves mixing a liquid & solid to form a suspension or solution.
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Geometric dilution
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- is a technique for mixing two powders of unequal quantity.
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Levigation
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- is the mixing of particles with a base vehicle, in which they are insoluble, to produce a smooth dispersion of the drug by rubbing with a spatula on a tile.
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Trituration
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- is the process of reducing the particle size & mixing one powder with another.
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Absorption bases
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- are characterized as being greasy, occlusion, difficult to spread, non-washable & anhydrous.
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Drug Topics Red Book
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- provides information regarding drug costs.
- a reference used more in a community pharmacy than in a hospital pharmacy. |
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Orange Book
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- provides information about therapeutic equivalence.
- provides USS and NF drug standards and dispensing requirements. - USP DI Volume III and contains the FDA's approved drug products |
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National Formulary
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- sets standards for pharmaceutical ingredients.
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United States Pharmacopoeia
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- is an official national standards for drug substances and dosage forms.
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What are the four rules of significant figures?
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1. Digits other than zero are significant.
2. Final zeros after a decimal points are always significant. 3. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant. 4. Zeros used only to space the decimal are NOT significant. |
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Definition of Narcotic
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- Produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substance of vegetable origin or by chemical synthesis
- (including Opium, opiate or any other derivative containing the opium poppy, coca leaves or any other derivative containing cocaine or ecgonine) |
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Room temperature is between
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15C and 30C (59F and 86F)
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Cold is not greater than
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8C (46F)
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Cool is between
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8C and 15C (46F and 59F).
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Excessively hot is above
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40C (greater than 104F).
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A lot number
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- identifies a particular batch or run of a specific medication.
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A drug schedule
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- is assigned by the Drug Enforcement agency (DEA) based on a potential for abuse of the product.
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UPC
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- is a universal product code assigned to over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and is similar to a NDC number.
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NDC number
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- identifies the drug manufacturer, the drug product, and the packaging of the product.
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The lot number
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- is not required on a prescription label.
- However, the following is required: -- name of the pharmacy -- address of the pharmacy -- telephone number of pharmacy -- prescriber's name -- date prescription was filled -- patient's name -- name and strength of medication -- quantity of medication -- directions for use -- refill information -- auxiliary labeling. |
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Emulsions can be prepared by one of 3 methods:
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1. the continental (dry gum method)
2. the wet gum method 3. the beaker method. |
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Total parenteral solutions
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- are composed of 50% dextrose, 20% fat, and 10% amino acids.
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Geometric dilution
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- is the mixing of two ingredients of unequal quantities.
- During ____ dilution, one begins w/ the ingredient in the smaller quantity and adds an equal quantity of the next substance in a mortar. |
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Blending
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- is the act of combining two ingredients.
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Levigation
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- is the process of reducing the particle size during the preparation of an ointment.
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Spatulation
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- is the process of combining substances with a spatula.
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Aquaphor
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- is an example of absorbent base
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Hydrophilic ointment
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- is an example of an oil-water base
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Eucerin
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- is an example of an oil-water base.
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Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
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- is an example of a water miscible base
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Anhydrous
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- absorption bases
- a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water |
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Hydrous
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- Containing water
- water-oil emulsion bases - oil water bases - water miscible bases |
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Syrups can be made by
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heat method
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Suppositories can be made by
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either the compression or fusion mold method.
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Pyxis Medstation
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- is an automated dispensing device kept on the nursing unit.
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Baker cells
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- are used in an outpatient pharmacy.
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Omni Link Rx
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- is a physician's order entry system.
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Safety Pak
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- is an automated barcode medication packaging system.
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Elixir
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- a type of liquid dosage form that contains dissolved medication in an alcohol base or water.
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Capsule
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- a types of dosage form composed of a gelatin container and comes in different sizes
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Syrup
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- a type of dosage form that has a sugar-based solution that the medication dissolves into
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Lotions
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- a semisolid dosage form whose base contains more water and penetrates well into the skin.
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Suspensions
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- liquids that carry the direction "shake well.
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Pharmaceutic phase
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- is the dissolution of the drug so that the body can absorb it.
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Pharmacokinetic phase
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- refers to the process of how the body handles the drug.
1. absorption: the drug is moved from the GI tract to body fluids. 2. Distribution - the blood takes the drug to other parts of the body. 3. Metabolism: the liver converts the drug to inactive compounds that the body can use. 4. Excretion - the excretory system removes the drug from the body. |
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Pharmacodynamic phase
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- the final phase and refers to the drugs' effects on the body.
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A reference used to identify a specific table or capsule by its color & shape is:
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- Indent-a Drug
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Pharmacology
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- the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms.
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Pharmacokinetic phase
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- the process of how the body handles the drug.
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A solution containing water & ethanol is considered:
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Aqueous
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An elixir is a solution that is considered a(n):
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Water based solution
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What is available in a concentrated form (50% or more) that is diluted in the final TPN solution to approximately 25%?
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Dextrose
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The CADD is an example of what type of pump system?
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Ambulatory electronic infusion pump system.
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Mixing of 3-in-1 solutions should be performed carefully to prevent the emulsion from "oiling out." It is recommended that this be accomplished by:
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using a mixing order of fats, amino acids, and dextrose.
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Sterile products should be prepared in a "class 100" environment. In most pharmacies this is accomplished with the use of a:
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Laminar Air Flow Hood (LAH)
- One must work at least 6 inches inside the laminar airflow hood to use proper aseptic technique. |
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The most commonly compounded formulations are:
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Solutions
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The most common solvent for oral solutions is:
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Water
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Triturating a powder drug with a solvent in which it is insoluble to reduce its particle size is called:
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Levigation
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When a solution at room temperature has absorbed all of the solute it can, it is called a:
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Saturated solution
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An ingredient dissolved in a solution is known as a:
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Solute
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The type of mortar and pestle used to mix suspensions or porous liquids is:
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Glass.
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Of the automated systems listed, which is the most commonly used to manage controlled substances levels?
- Pyrix Machine? - Baker cell system? - Bar coding? |
Pyxiss machine and Bar coding
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Of the automated systems listed, which is the most commonly used to manage controlled substances levels?
- Pyrix Machine? - Baker cell system? - Bar coding? |
Pyxiss machine and Bar coding
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An example of the automation machines used to prepare hyperalimentation solutions is/are:
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Micro mix and Automix
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Which book provides therapeutic equivalences of medications?
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Drug Topics Orange Book
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Which organization is responsible for accrediting pharmacy education programs?
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American College of Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
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What is the maximum weighable amount for a Class A prescription balance?
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120 g
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What type of filter is used to prevent glass from entering the final solution when drawing from an ampule?
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A filter needle
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Which instrument trap particles as a solution moves through channels?
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Depth filter
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Which instrument is used for pulling medication from ampules?
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Filter straws
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Which instrument are used for pulling medication from ampules?
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Filter straws
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What kind of instrument is used before a solution enters the patiens body?
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Final filter
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Which association represents the interests of chain drugstores?
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National Association of Chain Drug Stores (NACDS)
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what type of environment should a laminar flow hood provide?
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ISO 5, formerly known as a Class 100 area
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what is the air velocity of a laminar flow hood?
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90 linar feet/min (+\- 20%)
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- Physician approved the dispensing of a generic drug but the patient requested the brand name drug.
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DAW2
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- means that the physician approved the dispensing of a generic drug
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DAW
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- the physician wants the patient to receive the brand name drug only
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DAW1
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- the pharmacy has designated this drug as their generic drug of choice.
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DAW5
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Which dosage form is defined as a clear, sweet-tend, flavored hydroalcholic, containing water and alcohol, that may be either mediated or not?
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Elixir
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- used to prepare sterile products.
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Laminar airflow hoods
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- not sterile products
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extemporaneous compounds
- Class A balance, a compounding slab, graduated cylinders, spatulas, and a mortar and pestle are a few of the pieces used in extemporaneous compounding. |
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At which part of the liquid does one look when measuring liquids?
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Look at the bottom of the or the lowest point of the liquid when measuring a liquid.
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sterile or non-sterile products?
Extemporaneous compounnding, geometric dilution, and levigation are used in the production of ____. |
nonsterile compounds
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what is the name of the opening of a needle?
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Lumen - is the openingn in the needle by which mediation is expelled fom a syringe.
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What type of dosing requires that the patient take one capsule daily for 1 week, skip 3 weeks, and resume??
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Pulse dosing
- this is effective therapeutically and is cost effective. - Itracoazole (Sporannox) is an anifungal agent, which is taken by pulse dosing.. |
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what may a pharmacy technician do as a result of OBRA 900?
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Screen patient profiles for drug disease contraindications.
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- is a literature on a specific drug by the drug manufacturer that may include a description, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and warnings. The PDR (Physicians Desk Reference) is an example of a collection of drug ____.
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Monograph
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- is a form of reimbursement used by insurance companies.
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Capitation
- this forms of reimbursement favors the insurance company when the cost of the prescriptions exceeds the capitation being paid. |
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- is used as a laxative.
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Cascara sagrada
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- is used to provide energy for the body.
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American gingeng
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- is used for the immune system.
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Goldenseal
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What is the meaning of half-life of a drug?
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The half-life of a medication is the amount of time required to eliminate one half of the amount of the drug from the body.
Half-life is a tool used to determine dosing frequency of a medication. |
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- is the act of reducing a substance to small, fine particles,
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Comminution
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During the process of what type of diution, an individual is combining more than one ingredient. One begins by using the most potent (normally the smallest quantity) first in the mortar, then an equal amount of the next most potent drug is added. This process continues until all quantities have been added and mixed. During ___ dilution, the total quanty of drug being prepared is approximately doubling with each ingredient added.
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Geometric dilution
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- is the act of combining two substances
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Blending
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- is used to combine powders.
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Sifting
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- is accomplished by combing powders in a bag.
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Tumbling
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___ is not dissolved in a vehicle, but rather distributed throughout it.
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Dispersion
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__ are produced by compression.
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Tablets
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__ may be made by using the
punch method. |
capsules
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__ are made by compression and molding.
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suppositories
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Ultra lente has a duration of __ to __ hours.
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18 to 20 hours
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__ is an emetic to induce vomiting.
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Ipecac
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__ is an antiemtic.
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Emetrol
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___ is used as a bowel evacuant.
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PEG (POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL)
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__ is an antilatulent.
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Simethicone
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___ are used in the treatment of a dry. productive cough vs. ___ are used if a patient has mucus or phlegm.
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Antitussives are used in the treatment of a dry. productive cough vs. expectorants are used if a patient has mucus or phlegm.
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___ label provides additional information to the patient.
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Auxiliary
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__ ___ ___ are required for products containing estrogens.
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Patient product inserts (PPIs)
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___ ____ provides the pharmacist information about the patient, such as illness, both OTC and Rx medications being taken, drug allergies, and demographic and payment information; and a prescription label provides information to the patient containing the name, strength, and quantity of drug and directions for usage as prescribed by the physician.
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Patient profiles
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Zidovudine is to ___
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AZT
(Retrovir) |
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Lamivudine is the generic name for
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Epivir (3TC)
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Didanosine abbreviation is the generic name for
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Videx
Didanosine = ddI |
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Who makes notations an signs Medication Admistrartino Records (MARS) in an institution?
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Nurses administer medication to patients and therefore would document MARs.
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____ is the sum of all the expenses in a business.
Example of __ in pharmacy include all the sallies of the employees, cost of inventory, the expense-associated utilities, supplies, licenses, and computer hardware and software. |
Overhead
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A __ or ___ system yields 60 drops/ml.
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mini drip or microdrip systems
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What does an 80/20 report tell a pharmacist or pharmacy technician?
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Drug product that reflect 80% of the pharmacy
s purchasing dollars. - An 80/20 report, also known as a velocity report, shows a detailed summary of purchasing histoSry. It lists products that reflect 80% of your purchasing dollars. |
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A hazardous drugs are prepared in a ___ hood
A intravenous solutions are prepared in a __ ___ hood. Antineoplastic are prepared in a __ __ hood. Various extemporaneous products are prepared on an __ ___. |
A hazardous drugs are prepared in a BIOLOGIC SAFETY hood.
A intravenous solutions are prepared in a HORIZONTAL FLOW hood. Antineoplastic are prepared in VERTICAL FLOW hood. Various extemporaneous products are prepared on an OINTMENT SLAB. |
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FDA Drug Classifications for Pregnancy Category __ :
Means that controlled studies have found no risk to the fetus when the mother takes the medication during any trimester of pregnancy. |
Category A
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FDA Drug Classifications for Pregnancy Category ___ :
Means that controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities, although some adverse findings have occurred in animals. It can also mean that there are no adequate human studies but animal studies show no fetal risk. There is a remote possibility of fetal harm. |
Category B
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FDA Drug Classifications for Pregnancy Category ___
Means that there is a risk. Either there are not enough adequate human studies, but animal studies have shown a risk or there are not adequate animal studies. There is a chance of fetal harm but benefits may outweigh the risks. |
Category C
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FDA Drug Classifications for Pregnancy Category ___
Human studies and/or adverse reaction data have shown evidence of fetal risk but the benefits of use may outweigh the potential risks. Paxil and Depakote are both considered Pregnancy Category ___ drugs because they could cause harm to an unborn baby. |
Category D
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FDA Drug Classifications for Pregnancy Category:
Studies in animals or humans or other reports have shown evidence that babies exposed to this medication prior to birth have a risk of abnormalities that outweighs any benefit to the patient. In a nutshell—do not take a Category ___ drug while you are pregnant. |
Category X
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What volume does a small-volume parenteral contain?
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100 ml
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which of the following dosage forms could a diabetic patient receive?
a. elixir b. emulsion c. spirits d. syrups |
ans. Emulsions
- elixirs, spirits, and syrups contain either alcohol or sugar; diabetic should not receive either of them - emulsions do not contain alcohol or sugar. |
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when opening a glass ampule, always use a gauze swab for which of the following reasons?
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to protect your finger from cuts
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How often should a patient change his or her Catapres TTS patch (clonidine)?
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Weekly
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___ are a liquid dosage form for topical application with pyroxylin dissolved in alcohol and ether.
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Collodions
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____ and total parenteral nutrition are synonymous terms that describe the process of feeding patients who are unable to eat solids and liquids.
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Hyperalimentation
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The master formula sheet, aka ___ ____ ____, indicates the amount of each ingredient used, the procedures used in the preparation, and the labeling instructions.
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Pharmacy compounding log
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___ may be either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.
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Emulsion
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Which form is used to document medication being administered to a patient?
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Medication Administration Record (MAR)
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___ must be completed for all new employees in accordance with federal law. An employee must provide specific identification to prove his or her identity. Failure to provide documentation will result in not being hired. A business can face extremely high fines for not maintaining properly completed ___ .
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I-9s
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___ ___ is a high-efficiency particulate air filter found in a laminar flow hood to remove contaminants.
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HEPA filter
- The class of the HEPA filter used determines the number of particles allowed per given area. |
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Troches, lozenges, and pastilles are solid dosage forms that are administered ___.
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Buccally
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___ is the slanted part of the needle.
___ Is the place of attachment of a needle. ___ is the opening of the needle. |
- BEVEL is the slanted part of the needle.
- HUB is the place of attachment of a needle. - LUMEN is the opening of the needle. |
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The ___ on a prescription consists of directions to a pharmacist and may include compounding, packaging, labeling, and refill instructions and information about the use of generic medication.
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Subscriptions
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___ are medication orders written by a physician to be obtained through a community or mail-order pharmacy.
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Prescriptions
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___ is the vehicle that contains the dissolved drug.
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Solvent
- syrup is an example of a solvent. |
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___ is the drug that is dissolved into the solvent.
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Solute
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___ contains boh the solvent and solute
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Solution
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Which liquid form is a dispersion in which one liquid is dispersed in aother immiscible liquid?
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Emulsion
- An emulsion is a dispersion in which one liquid is disposed into another immiscible liquid. - Emulsions can be either water-in-oil or oil-in-water. - Emulsions contain a third phase, which is an emulsifying agent used to prevent emulsions from separating. - A preparation consisting of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid |
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__ __ ___ negotiate prices for hospitals/ They do not make the actual purchase of medications for hospitals.
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Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs)
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Which of the following drug classifications would use pulse dosing?
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anti fungal
- Pulse dosing of anti fungal agents such as Sporanox has been found to be as effective as taking the medication daily and is cheaper for the patient. |
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A drug patent gives its inventor the exclusive rights to manufacture and market a drug. The patent lasts __ years and that period begins ______________.
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20 years, upon original filing.
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A _________ protects a drugs brand name from unauthorized use.
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Trademark
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A cart exchange in a hospital usually takes place every:
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24 Hours
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Custom mixing of drugs from various available products to fit the unique needs of a patient is known as :
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Compounding
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Room temperature:
__ to __ C __ to __ F |
15C to 30C
59F to 86F |
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Which medication is exempt from the PPPA locking cap requirements ?
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Nitroglycerine
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Medications that are prepackaged into unit-dose or unit of use containers must have the following information included on the package labeling:
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medication name and strength, lot number, and expiration date
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A list of medications that a physician may prescribe from within a given setting is called:
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a formulary
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In pharmacies, how may controlled substanced be stored?
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Controlled substances may be stored in a securely locked, substaintially contructed cabinet.
Controlled substances (schedule III thru V) may be stored on the pharmacy shelves among noncontrolled substances in a manner designed to deter theft. |
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The maximum allowable cost that an insurer will pay per tablet or dispensing unit for a given product is the:
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MAC
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How many hours are concidered redily retrievable?
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72 hours
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How often is a biennieal inventory?
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every 2 yrs
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Which of the following systems keeps a running inventory balance?
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Perpetual
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which insulin may be added to an IV solution?
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Regular
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Which book gives information on general disease categories and their treatments?
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Merck Index
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What is the purpose of post-marketing monitoring of new drugs?
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Removal of unsafe drugs
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what drugs qualify as an “Automatic Stop Order”
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- Antibiotics
- Antineoplastics |
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Only one type of insulin can go into an IV bag. Which one?
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Regular
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What is a formulary?
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- A list of medications that are to be maintained in stock.
- Third party payers’ formulary is a list of medications that they will reimburse. |
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What is the vial pressure of hazardous drugs?
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Negative pressure will prevent the spraying of medication out of the vial onto the technician
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If a syringe is inserted incorrectly into a vial, what may happen?
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• Coring - a piece of rubber is lodged into the needle.
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What is Maximum & Minimum system used for?
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An inventory system done manually. This system has a predetermined order quantity and an order point. The minimum
and maximum stock quantity is written on mylars placed in front of the medication. The technician walks around the shelves looking for any quantity that is at or below the minimum number. To order the technician prepares a purchase order for the wholesaler. |
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What is the maximum application for antifungals?
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50grams/week (2weeks max)
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What is the process by which a third party payer sets a price for a drug?
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Adjudication
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What is the term for the leakage of IV fluid into muscular tissue?
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Infiltration
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Know a list of medications that are stored in the refrigerator
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All insulin including Lantus and Novolog
• Miacalcin (calcitonin-salmon) • Phenergan (promethegan) suppositories • Norvir (ritonavir) • Xalatan (latanoprost) eye drops • Combipatch (estradiol-norethindrone) • Foradil (formoterol) • Alkeran (melphalan) • Ortho Evra (norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol) • Epogen / Procrit (epoetin alpha) • Avonex (interferon) • Neupogen (filgrastim) • Leukeran (chlorambucil) • Thyrolar • Viroptic (trifluridine ) • Enbrel (etanercept) • Etoposide phosphate (Eposin®, Etopophos®, Vepesid®, VP-16®) |
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Know a list of medications that are stored in the freezer.
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- Prostaglandin
- IV bags of gentamicin and vancomycin |
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What medication cannot be put in a syringe?
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- Potassium Chloride cannot be put in a syringe.
- Amiodarone - Alteplace |
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What medications can only be dispensed/stored in glass containers?
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- Nitroglycerin (IV form and sublingual)
- Depakene liquid |
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Know that for injectables that are thick (oily) require a low number gauge syringe.
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The lower number means the bigger
the diameter of the opening of the syringe to accommodate thicker liquids. If the liquid is watery (aqueous) it requires a thinner syringe which means a higher gauge number. |
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Know a couple of IM medications.
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Depo-testosterone / Depo-Provera
• Phenergan (promethazine) • Demerol (meperidine) • Trimethobenzamide (Tigan) • These medications require a long needle to reach the muscle under the skin. ( 1” or 1 ½ “) |
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Which is a CI?
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Marijuana
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How long does a laminar flow hood run before use?
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• 30-60 minutes
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When would you use a filter needle to extract a solution/liquid?
vial or ampule? |
ampule
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