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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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gross anatomy
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concerns body structures seen w/o use of microscope
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histologic anatomy
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study of cells, tissues, and organs as observed with a microscope
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developmental anatomy
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development of the individual from the fertilized egg to the adult form
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atoms
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what the human body is composed of at the simplest level
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molecules
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when atoms combine with one another; important ones in the human body include water, sodium chloride, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
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cell
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the association of molecules with one another
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tissue
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group of cells of similar structure working together and performing the same function
Four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve |
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organ
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composed of two or more different kinds of tissues
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organ system (and 11 types)
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composed of several organs with complementary functions
1.) integumentary 2.) skeletal 3.) nervous 4.) endocrine 5.) muscular 6.) digestive 7.) respiratory 8.) circulatory 9.) immune 10.) urinary 11.) reproductive |
1.) covers the body and protects it; skin hair, nails, and sweat glands
2.) protects the body and provides support for locomotion and movement; bones, cartilage, and ligaments 3.) receives stimuli, integrates information, and coordinates body functions; brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs 4.) chemically coordinates and integrates the activities of the body; pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and other ductless glands 5.) permits body movement; skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle 6.) digests food and absorbs soluble nutrients from ingested food; teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas 7.) collects oxygen and exchanges it for carbon dioxide; lungs, pharynx, trachea, and other air passageways 8.) transports cells and materials throughout the body; heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymph structures 9.) removes foreign chemicals and microorganisms from the bloodstream; T-lymphocytes, B-lympocytes, and macrophages, and lymph structures 10.) removes metabolic waste from the bloodstream; kidney, bladder, and associated ducts 11.) produces sex cells for the next generation; testes ovaries, and associated reproductive structures |
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metabolism
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sum total of all chemical processes occurring in the body
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catabolism
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breakdown of organic matter, usually with the release of energy
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anabolism
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buildup of organic matter, usually requiring an input of energy
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movement
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result of contracting muscle cells, can be voluntary (muscles of skeleton) or involuntary (heart)
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growth
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increase in the size of body cells and/or the body itself
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conductivity
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ability of cells to receive stimuli and transport them from one body part to another
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reproduction
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ability of the body to replicate itself
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sexual reproduction
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involved the production of sperm and egg cells and their union to form a fertilized egg cell
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irritability
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the response of the body to an internal or external stimulus
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excretion
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process of removing waste products from the body
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homeostasis
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the process working to maintain the body's internal environment within normal limits, even when the external environment changes
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feedback systems
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self-regulating systems that protect the body from constantly varying internal conditions, protects against extremes
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setpoint of a feedback system
sensor/receptor control center effectors |
the normal value of a variable factor such as temperature
detects any deviation from the setpoint receives information from various receptors to integrate and determine the response needed to return to the setpoint implement the response to return the body to homeostasis |
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negative feedback system
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primary means for keeping the body in homeostasis, when the information decreases the system's output to bring the system back to its setpoint
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positive feedback system
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work as part of a larger negative feedback system to bring about a specific end, e.g. blood clotting or birth of baby
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anatomical position
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point of reference for all directional terms
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anterior/ventral
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toward the front of the body
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posterior/dorsal
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back side of the human
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superior/cephalic/cranial
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direction toward the head or upper part of the body
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inferior
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direction away from the head or toward the lower part of the body
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medial
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direction closer to the midline of the body or to one of its structure
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nose is medial to the eyes
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lateral
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location off to the side and away from the midline
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ipsilateral
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structures on the same side of the body
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contralateral
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structures on the opposite side of the body
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proximal
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direction closer to where an extremity attached to the trunk
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femur is proximal to the body trunk as compared to the ankle
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distal
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region farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
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superficial and deep
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location closer to the body surface or well below it
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planes
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pass through the body and provide reference points for the organs of the body
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saggital plane
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vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides
midsaggittal parasagittal |
divides body equal left/right halves divides body unequal left/right halves |
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front/coronal plane
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runs longitudinally dividing the body into the anterior and posterior portions, lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane
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transverse plane/horizontal plane
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divides the body into superior and inferior portions
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cross sections
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organs sectioned across the transverse plane
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