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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary lymphoid organs
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Bone marrow
Thymus |
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Secondary lymphoid organs (7)
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Spleen
Lymph Node Appendix Adenoids Tonsils GALT BALT |
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GALT
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Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Peyers Patch |
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BALT
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Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue
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When you get a cut (with a knife covered in baloney) the ____ & ____ recognize that boloney is not You.
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Macrophages and dendritic cells
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____ and ___ go to
Lymph Node and present chopped up (baloney) to B cells and T cells |
Macrophages and Dendritic cells
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Macrophages and Dendritic cells go to _____ and present chopped up (baloney) to
B cells and T cells |
Lymph Node
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Macrophages and Dendritic cells go to
Lymph Node and present chopped up (baloney) to ____ & ____ |
B cells and T cells
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Afferent
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lymph from tissues coming in
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Efferent
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going out
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vessicles going into and out of the lymph nodes
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Afferent (going in) & Efferent (going out)
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the Lymphoid follicle contains the ______
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contains germinal center
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Immunology
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the study of the body's defense mechanism against infection
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Edward Jenner
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Name the Scientist: the origin of immunology
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This scientist observed that the mild disease of cowpox protected against fatal disease of smallpox.
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Edward Jenner (origin of immunology)
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This scientist observed that milkmaids milking cows did not get smallpox
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Edward Jenner (origin of immunology)
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This scientist demonstrates inoculation with cowpox protects against smallpox
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Edward Jenner (origin of immunology)
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vaccination
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inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated strains of disease-causing agents
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vaccination
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the deliberate induction of adaptive immunity to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine, a dead or attenuated (nonpathogenic) form of a pathogen
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attenuated
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less virulent strain of the virus, to weaken or to make (or become) thin
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adaptive immunity
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is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic challenges
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pathogen
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infectious organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and unicellular and multicelllular eukaryotic organisms - parasites
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eukaryotic cell
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cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds genetic material) as well as membrane-bound organelles. Genetic material in eukaryotes is contained within a nucleus within the cell and DNA is organized into chromosomes.
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vaccine
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A mixture that is given to help stimulate the body's own immune system to produce antibodies to fight a certain disease. The mixture contains weakened or killed microbes (bacteria or viruses) or microbe parts.
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1979
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World Health Organization announce smallpox is eradicated.
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Robert Koch
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Scientist who proves infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, each one responsible for a specific disease
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Four broad categories of disease causing microorganisms, or pathogens
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viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites (unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms)
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unicellular
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Algae is any of a wide variety of photosynthetic organisms lacking a vascular system. Most prokaryotes are made up of just a single cell; e.g. diatoms; and some green algae.
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multicellular
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red algae (multicellular), and green algae (unicellular or multicellular).
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prokaryotic cell
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Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. This means the genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. Additionally, the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop.
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2 groups of prokaryotic cells
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Scientists have divided the prokaryotes into two groups, the Bacteria and the Archaea.
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unicellular eukaryotic
vs multicellular eukaryotic |
Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or single-celled organisms. All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi, and protists.
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parasites
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unicellular eukaryotic and
multicellular eukaryotic organisms |
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Luis Pasteur
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scientist who created a vaccine against cholera in chickens and rabies vaccine with spectacular success upon its first trial in a boy bitten by a rabid dog - led to search for mechanisms of protection & development of the science of immunology
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Luis Pasteur (date)
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1880's scientist whose created vaccine against cholera in chickens and rabies vaccine for boy bitten by rabid dog
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cholera
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acute diarrheal illness caused by a bacteria found in food and water. Cholera leads to an infection of the small intestine which results in extreme diarrhea which may lead to massive dehydration and death.
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rabies
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an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); is fatal if the virus reaches the brain
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Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato
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discovered the serum of animals immune to diptheria or tetanus contained a specific "antitox activity" that could confer short lived protection against the effects of diptheria or tetanus toxins in people; this activity due to the protein antibodies
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serum
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the fluid component of clotted blood
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diptheria
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A highly infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract characterised by a sore throat, fever and causing difficulty in breathing. It is caused by a bacterium which produces a toxin that leads to inflammation of the heart and nervous system.
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tetanus
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A serious and often fatal disease arising through infection of an open wound by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani that is found in soil and the intestines and faeces of animals. The bacteria produce an exotoxin which causes spasmodic contraction of voluntary muscles, especially those of the neck and jaw.
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antitoxic
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counteracting a toxin or poison
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antitoxic activity
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immunity against toxins, attributable to the presence of specific antitoxin(s) in the immune individual.
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toxins
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Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins and are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues
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antibodies
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proteins that bind specifically to a particular substance; its antigen. Each ___ molecule has a unique structure that enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen.
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antibodies are known collectively as ____
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immunoglobulins or Igs
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___ are produced by plasma cells in response to infection or immunization.
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Andibodies
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____ bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and destruction by phagocytes
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Antibodies
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protein (these are found in proteins)
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Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, each protein having a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence that determines its specific shape and function.
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proteins (contain)
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any of a group of complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
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antigen
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any substance that can be recognized and responded to by the adaptive immune system
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antigen
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Their name arises from their ability to generate antibodies. However some antigens do not, by themselves elicit antibody production; those antigens that can induce antibody productrion are called immunogens.
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those antigens that can induce antibody productrion are called _______.
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immunogens
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immunoglobulins (Igs). Immunoglobulin A: see (Iga)
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the protein family to which antibodies and b-cell receptors belong.
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plasma cells
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are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes and are the main antibody secreting cells of the body. They are found in the medulla of the lymph nodes, in splenic red pulp, and in bone marrow.
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immunization
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the deliberate provocation of an adaptive immune response by introducing antigen into the body.
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Name the phagocytic cells
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monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and dendritic cells, (also NK cells/ per S.T.)
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phagocytic cells (phagocytes)
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these cells are able to ingest and kill microbes by producing a variety of toxic chemicals and powerful degradative enzymes.
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immunogen
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any agent or substance capable of provoking an immune response or producing immunity
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all of the cellular elements of the blood, including the cells of the immune system, arise from ____ in the bone marrow
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pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
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Pluripotent hemotopoeietic stem cells divide to produce two types of stem cells
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a common lyphoid progenitor and myeloid progenitor
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the lymphoid progenitor gives rise to
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white blood cells (leukocytes) 1) NK cells 2) T cells & 3) B cells
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A common myeloid progenitor gives rise to the rest of the leukocytes:
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1) erythrocytes RBC's 2) megakaryocytes (produce platelets) 3) dendritic cells 4) neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, 5) Mast cell 6) Monocyte (Macrophage)
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T & B cells have _____ which other leukocytes do not
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antigen receptors
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After encounter with antigen, B cells differentiate into ____
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antibody secreting plasma cells
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After encounter with antigen, T cells differentiate into ____
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effector T cells (variety of functions: Cytotoxic, Helper, Regulatory)
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unlike T & B cells NK cells lack ____
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antigen specificity
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Name all leukocytes
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1) B cell 2) T cell 3) NK cell 4) Monocytes (macrophages) 5) dendritic cells 6) neutrophils 7) esinophils 8) basophils 9) Mast cells
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Name all granulocytes, also known as _____.
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a. 1) Neutrophils 2) Eosinophils 3) Basophils; b. also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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granulocytes are named because of their:
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cytoplasmic granules whose staining gives these cells a distinctive appearance in blood smears
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phagocytic cells that enter tissues and mature after they encounter ____.
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a. dendritic cells
b. potential pathogen |
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phagocytic cells that enter tissues and differentiate into _____.
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a. Monocytes
b. Macrophages |
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these leukocytes enter tissues to maturate.
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1) dendritic cells
2) Monocytes (Macrophages) 3) Mast cells |
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the responses we make against infection by potentiall pathogens are known as ____
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immune responses
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a specific immune response such as the production of antibodies against a particular pathogen or its products is known as an ____
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adaptive immune response
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____ confers lifelong protective immunity to reinfection wiht the same pathogen
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immunological memory
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name a functions that distinguishes adaptive immune response from innate immune response
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adaptive has 1) lasting immunological memory 2) specific for individual pathogen by antibody production.
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Eli Metchnikoff
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scientist who discovered that many microorganisms could e engulfed and digested by phagocytic cells, which he called macrophages.
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a frontline componene of innate immune responses
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Macrophages
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antibodies against influenza virus will protect against poliovirus (T or F) b. is this an example of innate or adaptive immune response?
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a. False
b. adaptive immune response |
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Name Lymphocytes
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1) B cells 2) T cells 3) NK cells; B & T cells are specialized, NK cells are not.
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effector cells are ___
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activated T & B cells
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the immune system is conmprised of
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a variety of effector cells and molecules
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Name functions of immune response
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1) immunological recognition 2) contain infection/eliminate completely (immune effector functions)
3) Immune regulation 4) immunological memory |
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immunological recognition
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the presence of an infection detected (by WBC's of innate immune system and lymphocytes of adaptive)
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immune effetor function
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purpos: to contain the infection/eliminate completely; complement system of blood proteins, antibodies, & the destructive capacities of lymphocytes and other WBC's
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Immune regulation
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immune response must be kept under contol; the ability of the immune system to self regulate
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examples of failure of the body's immune regulation
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allergies & autoimmune disease
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autoimmune disease
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arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells.
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autoimmune diseases (name some)
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Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, Crohn's Disease, Celiac Disease ..
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immunological memory
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having been exposed once to an infectious agent, a person will make an immediate & stronger response against any subsequent exposure to it.
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finding ways of generating long lasting immunity to pathogens that do not naturally provoke
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greatest challenge facing immunologists today
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name the initial defenses which are not part of the immune system
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physical & chemical barriers skin/dry
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first cells to respond when initial defenses are overcome
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phagocytic WBC's (Macrophages)
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adaptive immune response is present only in ____
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vertebrates
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Innate immunity is observed in
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all animals, plants, and invertebrate sea stars (contain Macrophages)
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Adaptive immune response depends on the ____
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specific recognition functions of lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes can recognize and respond to individual antigens by means of ___ on the ____
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(highly specialized)
a. Antigen Receptors b. Lymphocyte Surface |
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blood proteins comprised of
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plasma and and free flowing proteins (complement is 1 type of blood protein)
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Serum
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The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood
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Plasma
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The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid, which makes up about half of its volume. __ contains antibodies and other proteins.
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Serum vs. Plasma
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a. Serum - contains water fluid + proteins
b. Plasma - contain fibrinogen, liquid, proteins & cells (RBC's, WBC's, platelets - per T.S.) |
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complement is 1 of a group of about ____ , and is basically responsible for ____. And some ___ & ___.
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a. about 30 blood proteins
b. cell lysis c. some opsinization, some anaphalactic ... |
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list some blood proteins
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complement, c-reactive protein, cytokines...
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name the myelocytes
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dendritic cells, neutorphils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes (macrophages) total (6)
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all leukocytes originate in
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the bone marrow
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List the leukocytes that mature in the bone marrow:
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B cells,
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These Leukocytes migrate to guard peripheral tissues and reside in the tissues
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T cells
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These Leukocytes migrate to the peripheral tissues and circulate in the bloodstream in a specialized system of vessels called___.
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a. plasma
b. lymphatic system |
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lymphatic system
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drains extracellular fluid and free cells from tissues, transports them throught he body and then empties back into the blood system.
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1 % _____ resides in blood, the rest in nodes/lymphatic system (per S.T.)
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plasma
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WBC's travel everywhere and are nosy, their job is to
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touch everything and differentiate what is self and non-self (per S.T.)
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Cytokines will get the chemical message such as (for instance)
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.. more neutrophils needed over here, (per S.T.)
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These cells reside in Nodes
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lymphocytes & plasma cells (per S.T.)
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how does the lymph system move?
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muscle cells contract adn "milk" the lymph system into moving (per S.T)
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job of RBC's
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to transport oxygen
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job of platelets
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triggers clotting in damaged tissues
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all cellular elements of the blood are derived from the ____
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pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (of the bone marrow)
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Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells give rise to ____ which in turn give rise to ___ & ____.
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a. lymphoid progenitor (B cells, T cells, NK cells)
b. myeloid progenitor (everything else, including platelets and erythroblasts (rbc's) |
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Neutrophils are both
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granulocytic and phagocytic
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The Myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the ____.
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Innate Immune system (Macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells & dendritic cells)
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Macrophages reside here
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resident in almost all tissues
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Monocytes reside here
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circulate the blood and continiually migrate into tissues
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Macrophages mature here
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these cells maturate in the tissues
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long lived cell
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Macrophages
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duties of Macrophages
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1)engulf & kill pathogens
2) first defense, innate immunity 3) dispose of pathogens & infected cells targeted by adaptive immune response. 4) orchestrate immune response/induce infflamation |
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Monocytes reside _____, Macrophages reside ____.
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a.
b. Tissues |