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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axis of sagittal plane |
Coronal axis (X axis) |
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Axis of transverse plane |
Transverse axis (Y axis) |
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Axis of coronal plane |
Sagittal axis (Z axis) |
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Movement of sagittal plane/ coronal axis |
Flexion & Extension |
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Movement of transverse plane/ transverse axis |
External & Internal Rotation |
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Movement of coronal plane/ sagittal axis |
Abduction & adduction |
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6 Movements in sagittal plane at a frontal axis |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Hyperextension 4.) Dorsi/Plantarflexion 5.) Forward/ backward bending 6.) Nutation/ counternutation |
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Movement in sagittal plane where the angle of the joint becomes smaller |
Flexion |
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Movement in sagittal plane where the angle of the joint becomes larger |
Extension |
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Movement in sagittal plane where extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position |
Hyperextension |
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Movements in the sagittal plane used for ankle/ foot movements |
Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion |
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Movements in sagittal plane used for trunk movements |
Forward & backward bending |
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Movements in sagittal plane used for sacroiliac joint movements |
Nutation & counternutation |
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5 movements in the frontal plane at a sagittal axis |
1.) Abduction 2.) Adduction 3.) Lateral flexion 4.) Radial & ulnar deviation 5.) Inversion/ eversion |
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Movement in the frontal plane where the distal segment MOVES AWAY from the midline of body |
Abduction |
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Movement in the frontal plane where the distal segment MOVES TOWARD the midline of the body, except the finger movements. |
Adduction |
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Movement in the frontal plane used for neck or trunk movements |
Lateral flexion |
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Movement in the frontal plane used for wrist or thumb movements |
Radial & ulnar deviation |
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Movement in the frontal plane used for foot movements. |
Inversion & eversion |
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4 movements in the transverse plane at vertical axis |
1.) External rotation (lateral) 2.) Internal rotation (medial) 3.) Supination & pronation 4.) Axial position |
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Movement in the transverse plane where the anterior surface of a distal segment moves OUTWARD. |
External rotation |
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Movement in the transverse plane where the anterior surface of a distal segment moves INWARD. |
Internal rotation |
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Movement in the transverse plane used for forearm or foot movements |
Supination & pronation |
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Movement in the transverse plane used for neck movements. |
Axial rotation |
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3 Types of motion |
1.) Linear 2.) Curvilinear 3.) Rotatory (angular & spin) |
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Study of human motion |
Kinesiology |
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3 purposes of kinesiology |
1.) Restore functions 2.) Prevent injury 3.) Provide optimal health performance |
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Concentrates on the forces that produce/resist the movement |
Kinetics |
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Types of motion or movement w/out regard for the forces that produce that motion. |
Kinematics |
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Movements of bony partner/ segments that make up a joint |
Osteokinematics |
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The minute movements occurring within a joint & between its surfaces. |
Arthrokinematics |
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Planes of motion are also called as ________. |
Cardinal planes of motion |
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Medial-lateral axis |
X axis |
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Anterior- posterior axis |
Z axis |
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Superior-inferior axis |
Y-axis |
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Vertical axis |
Y axis |
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Axis is of frontal plane |
X axis |
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Reference position of the body in a static/ non-moving position. |
Anatomical position |
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Frontal plane is also called as ____ plane. |
Coronal (XY) plane |
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Frontal plane is ⊥ to _____ |
Anterior-posterior axis |
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3 Motions of frontal plane |
1.) Abduction & adduction 2.) Ulnar & radial deviation 3.) Lateral flexion & bending |
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An axis that is ⊥ to sagittal plane from medial to lateral side. |
Medial-lateral axis |
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Plane ∥ to the horizon & the floor (XZ plane) |
Transverse or horizontal plane |
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XY plane |
Frontal or coronal plane |
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XZ plane |
Transverse or horizontal plane |
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YZ plane |
Sagittal plane |
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Sagittal plane is ⊥ to the transverse plane in a _______ direction. |
Cephalocaudal direction |
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Joint movement where there's a DECREASE in a joint angle |
Flexion |
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Joint movement where there's an INCREASE in a joint angle |
Extension |
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What is an example of dorsiflexion?
A.) Dorsum of the foot moves anteriorly towards the anterior surface of tibia B.) Dorsum of the foot moves away from the anterior surface of tibia C.) Dorsum of the foot moves anteriorly towards the posterior surface of tibia D.) Dorsum of the foot moves posteriorly towards the anterior surface of tibia |
A.) Dorsum of the foot moves anteriorly towards the anterior surface of tibia |
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What is an example of plantarflexion?
A.) Foot's dorsum moves towards the tibia B.) Foot's dorsum moves anteriorly from the tibia C.) Foot's dorsum extends away from the tibia D.) Foot's dorsum moves away from the tibia |
D.) Foot's dorsum moves away from the tibia |
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A sideway motion where the little fingers moves toward the ulna |
Ulnar deviation |
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A sideway motion where the little fingers moves toward the radius |
Radial deviation |
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A movement around a longitudinal or vertical axis in a transverse plane |
Rotation |
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A movement where it rotates palm-down position of the forearm |
Pronation |
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A movement where it rotates palm-up position of the forearm |
Supination |
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Movement ng shoulders patalikod |
Retraction |
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Movement ng shoulder paharap |
Protraction |
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Normal angle position of the thumb |
90° from the hand's plane. |
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True or false Forearm flexing toward the humerus at elbow is an example of osteokinematics |
True |
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True or false Tibia increases the angle with femur during knee extension. |
True |
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3 path of motions |
1.) Linear 2.) Rotatory 3.) Curvilinear |
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2 repetition of motions |
1.) Single motion 2.) Repeated motion |
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A movement performed only once. |
Single motion |
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A same movement pattern that is done many times. |
Repeated motion |
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3 types of repeated motion: |
1.) Reciprocal motion 2.) Oscillation 3.) Pendulum motion |
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A repeated motion in a small amplitude. |
Oscillation |
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A repeated motion like a pendulum |
Pendulum motion |
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A valuable clinical measurement with an objective finding that defines the quantity of a joint motion, either actively or passively. |
Goniometry |
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This is a baseline data where it observes if there's a progress in pt in order to find other treatments suits for them. |
ROM Values (according to American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons or AAOS) |
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5 Movements of the SH |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Abduction 4.) Internal Rotation 5.) External Rotation |
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Normal range of SH flexion |
0-180° |
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Normal range of SH extension |
60° |
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Normal range of SH abduction |
0-180° |
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Normal range of SH IR |
0-70° |
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Normal range of SH ER |
0-90° |
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4 Movements of the elbow |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Supination 4.) Pronation |
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Normal range of elbow flexion |
0-150° |
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Normal range of elbow extension |
0° |
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Normal range of elbow supination |
0-80° |
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Normal range of elbow pronation |
0-80° |
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2 Movements of the forearm |
1.) Supination 2.) Pronation |
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Normal range of forearm supination |
0-80° |
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Normal range of forearm pronation |
0-80° |
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4 Movements of the Wrist |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Ulnar deviation 4.) Radial deviation |
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Normal range of wrist flexion |
0-80° |
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Normal range of wrist extension |
0-70° |
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Normal range of wrist ulnar deviation |
0-30° |
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Normal range of wrist radial deviation |
0-20° |
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6 Movements of the Hip |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Abduction 4.) Adduction 5.) Internal rotation 6.) External rotation |
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Normal range of hip flexion |
0-120° |
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Normal range of hip extension |
0-30° |
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Normal range of hip abduction |
0-45° |
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Normal range of hip adduction |
0-30° |
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Normal range of hip IR |
0-45° |
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Normal range of hip ER |
0-45° |
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2 Movements of the Knee |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension |
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Normal range of Knee flexion |
0-135° |
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Normal range of Knee extension |
0° |
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2 Movements of the Subtalar joint |
1.) Eversion/ abduction 2.) Inversion/ adduction |
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Normal range of Subtalar joint eversion |
0-5° |
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Normal range of Subtalar joint inversion |
0-5° |
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4 Movements of the Cervical spine |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Lateral Flexion/ side bending 4.) Rotation |
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Normal range of cervical spine flexion |
0-45° |
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Normal range of cervical spine extension |
0-45° |
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Normal range of cervical spine lateral flexion |
0-45° |
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Normal range of cervical spine rotation |
0-60° |
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4 Movements of the Thoracic & Lumbar spine |
1.) Flexion 2.) Extension 3.) Lateral flexion/ side bending 4.) Rotation |
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Normal range of thoracic & lumbar spine flexion |
0-80° |
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Normal range of thoracic & lumbar spine extension |
0-25° |
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Normal range of thoracic & lumbar spine lateral flexion |
0-35° |
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Normal range of thoracic & lumbar spine rotation |
0-45° |
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It determines the presence or absence of impairment that helps in establishing diagnosis, developing a prognosis, treatment goals, & POC. |
Goniometric data |
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True or false Goniometric data helps in evaluating progress, modifying treatment, & researching ineffectiveness of a therapeutic technique. |
False, it also helps in researching effective therapeutic techniques. |
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3 parts of a goniometer |
1.) Moving arm 2.) Stationary arm 3.) Fulcrum/ body |
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It is placed over the axis of a joint |
Fulcrum/ body |
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It's the resistance felt at the end of the ROM. |
Endfeel |
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3 Types of endfeel: |
1.) Hard 2.) Firm 3.) Soft |
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A type of end feel where motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone |
Hard endfeel |
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A type of end feel where a resistance is encountered from the capsular, ligamentous, & structures. |
Firm endfeel |
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A type of endfeel where soft tissues approximate each other. |
Soft endfeel |
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The only example of a movement with a normal bone to bone endfeel: |
Elbow extension |
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Example of a movement with a normal soft endfeel: |
Knee flexion |
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3 Examples of a movement with a normal firm endfeel: |
1.) Ankle dorsiflexion 2.) SH ER 3.) Finger extension |
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9 Examples of Abnormal endfeel
Note: sinama ko lang talaga |
1.) Early muscle spasm - follows by an injury 2.) Late muscle spasm - spasm from instability 3.) "Mushy" tissue stretch - tight muscle 4.) Spasticity - upper motor neuron lesion 5.) Hard capsular - frozen SH 6.) Soft capsular - synovitis, soft tissue edema 7.) Bone to bone - Osteophyte formation 8.) Empty - acute subacromial bursitis 9.) Spring block - meniscus tear |
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2 Kinematic Chains |
1.) Open kinematic chain (OKC) 2.) Closed kinematic chain (CKC) |
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A chain where the distal end of the chain is free to move independently. |
Open kinematic chain |
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A chain where both proximal & distal ends of the chain remain fixed. |
Closed kinematic chain |
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3 Categories of Joints: |
1.) Synarthrodial Joint 2.) Amphiarthrodial Joint 3.) Diarthrodial Joint |
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These joints are bound by fibrous connective tissue that offers stability. |
Synarthrodial Joint |
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Hallmarked by a cartilaginous structure with a combination of both fibrous & hyaline/ articular cartilage. |
Amphiarthrodial Joint |
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A combination of several joints uniting successive segments. |
Kinematic |
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A movable & synovial joint |
Diarthrodial Joint |
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3 Types of Synarthrodial Joints: |
1.) Sutures 2.) Gomphoses - tight fit of a tooth sa socket 3.) Syndesmosis |
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A synarthrodial joint with little to no mobility allowed that has a strong interosseous membrane. |
Synarthrodial - Syndesmosis Joint |
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A type of joint that provides both stability & mobility. |
Amphiarthrodial Joint |
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2 Types of Amphiarthrodial Joint: |
1.) Symphysis 2.) Synchrondroses |
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A type of amphiarthrodial joint that is covered with a thin lamina of hyaline cartilage. |
Amphiarthrodial - Symphysis Joint |
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A type of joint where bony components are indirectly connected to one another. |
Diarthrodial Joint |
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5 Accessory structures of Diarthrodial Joint: |
1.) Fibrocartilaginous disks 2.) Plates/ menisci 3.) Labra 4.) Fat pads 5.) Ligaments & Tendons |
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2 Layers of Joint Capsule: |
1.) Stratum fibrosum (outer layer) 2.) Stratum synovium (inner layer) |
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Fibrous capsule composed of dense fibrous tissue that is poorly vascularized. |
Stratum fibrosum
Note: dry weight: 90% collagen & elastin wet weight: 70% water |
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2 Layers of Stratum synovium (inner layer) |
1.) Intima 2.) Subsynovial tissue |
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Keeps the joint surface lubricated and provides nutrition for hyaline cartilage that reduces friction. |
Synovial Fluid |
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It reduces friction between synovial folds & articular surfaces. |
Hyaluronate |
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It's responsible for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication. |
Lubricin |
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4 Subclassification of Diarthrodial Joint |
1.) Uniaxial 2.) Biaxial 3.) Triaxial 4.) Multiaxial |
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It is the number of planes within a joint moves. |
Degrees of freedom |
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Visible motion of the bony components is allowed in 1 plane around a single axis. |
Uniaxial Diarthrodial Joint |
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2 Joints that have 1 degree of freedom of motion: |
1.) Hinge Joint - Ginglymus Joint 2.) Pivot Joint - Trochoid |
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Bony components are free to move in 2 planes around two axes. |
Biaxial Diarthrodial Joint |
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2 Joints that have 2 degrees of freedom: |
1.) Condyloid 2.) Saddle |
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Condyloid are also
A.) Saddle B.) Ellipsoidal C.) Secret D.) Both E.) None |
B.) Ellipsoidal |
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Saddle is also called as ______ joint. |
Sellar |
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2 Examples of Saddle Joint: |
1.) Metacarpophalangeal joint 2.) Carpometacarpal joint |
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Bony components are free to move in 3 planes around 3 axes. |
Triaxial Diarthrodial Joint |
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2 Joints that have 3 degrees of freedom of motion: |
1.) Plane joint 2.) Ball & socket joint |
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Plane joint is also called as _____ joint. |
Gliding joint. |
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3 other names of Ball & socket joint: |
1.) Enarthrodial 2.) Spheroidal 3.) Universal |
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True or false In the glenohumeral joint, there is mobility since it has a greater ROM than others |
True |
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It refers to the amount of motion available to a joint within anatomic limits of the joint structure. |
Anatomic or Physiologic ROM |
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The sensation experienced by the examiner (PT) performing passive physiologic movements at each joint. |
Endfeel |
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Decrease in ROM. |
Hypomobility |
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Increase in ROM. |
Hypermobility |
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Rolling of a joint from 1 surface to another. |
Roll |
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A pure translatory motion which refers to a gliding of 1 component over another |
Sliding |
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Pure rotatory movement. |
Spin |
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A translatory motion where it travels the same distance and direction. |
Linear/rectilinear motion |
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A translatory motion that travels in a curved path. An example of this is the sliding of carpal bones to each other |
Curvilinear motion |
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A translatory motion that occurs in a circle around an axis or pivot joint. |
Rotary/Rotatory/Angular motion |
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It's a rotation on fixed/relatively fixed acis that is located within or near the joint's surface. |
Axis of rotation |
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A motion wherein a moving segment moves in a circular path. |
Circumduction |
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The study of classification, structure, & function of joints. |
Arthrology |
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Most common type of human joint |
Diarthrodial Joint |
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Normal range of Ankle dorsiflexion |
0-20° |
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Normal range of ankle Plantarflexion |
0-50° |
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Normal range of ankle inversion |
0-35° |
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Normal range of ankle Plantarflexion |
0-15° |
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Maximum status congruency for a joint |
Closed Pack Position |
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Most ligaments & capsules surrounding the joints are taut. |
Closed Pack Position |
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The ligaments & capsular structure are slack, and joint surfaces may be distracted from several millimeters. |
Open Pack/ Loose Pack Position |
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This plane is where most functional exercises are done |
Scapular Plane |
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This glide occurs in the same direction as the physiological movement. |
Concave on convex |
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This glide occurs in the opposite direction to the physiological movement. |
Convex on concave |
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5 Kinematic Variables |
Type of displacement/ motion Location in space of displacement Direction of the displacement Magnitude of the displacement Rate of displacement (velocity or acceleration) |
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Push & pull acting upon an object. |
Force |
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Push & pull on the body that arises from the sources outside the body |
External forces |
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Force that acts on structures & arises from body's own structure |
Internal forces |
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Represented by an arrow that has its base on the object being acted on |
Force vectors |
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Change in direction without changing the magnitude of applied force |
Anatomic pulleys |
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Any rigid segment that rotates around a fulcrum |
Lever |
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3 components of a lever |
Joints, muscles, & bones |
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2 forces are applied to a lever in a way that produces opposing torques. |
Lever system |
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Axis lies between points of application of effort & resistance force |
First-class lever |
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Resistance force is between axis & effort force |
Second-class lever |
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Effort force between axis & resistance force |
Third-class lever |
