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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A drug that produces a response in the body by binding to a receptor |
Agonist |
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Hypersensitivity to a substance a response produced by the immune system |
Allergy |
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Drugs that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria |
Antibiotics |
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An unexpected harmful reaction to a drug |
Adverse reaction |
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A drug or chemical the blocks a receptor mediated response |
Antagonist |
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The extent and rate at which a drug or its metabolites enter the systemic circulation and reach the action site |
Bioavailability |
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The name of the drug that reflects its molecular structure |
Chemical name |
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The measure of the quantity of a substance per unit of volume or weight |
Concentration |
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Are circumstances that make it used medically inadvisable because it increases the risk of injury or harm |
Contraindications |
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Radiopaque solutions that are introduced into body cavities and vessels to outline the inside surfaces |
Contrast media |
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Drugs that have potential for abuse. Are rated according to their potential risk these ratings are called schedules |
Controlled substances |
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The liquid component of a drug that must be reconstituted from a powder to a solution for purposes of administration |
Diluent |
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The regulated administration of prescribed amount of drug. Is expressed as a quantity of drug per unit of time |
Dosage |
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The quantity of a drug to be taken at one time or the state of amount of drug per unit of distribution |
Dose |
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A chemical substance that when taken into the body changes one or more of the body's functions |
Drug |
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The giving of a drug to a person by any route |
Drug administration |
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In pharmacology refers to a drug group that was developed from a previous prototype |
Generation |
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The formula name of a drug that is assigned by the US adopted names Council |
Generic name |
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The time required for one half of a drug to be cleared from the body |
Half life |
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Allergic immune response to a substance causing a range of symptoms from mild inflammation to anaphylactic shock and death |
Hypersensitivity |
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Refers to administration of a drug directly into bone marrow |
Intraosseous |
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Refers to administration of a drug into the spinal canal |
Intrathecal |
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Refers to administration of a drug by injection |
Parenteral |
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The period of maximum effect of a drug |
Peak effect |
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The biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body |
Pharmacodynamics |
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The movement of a drug through the tissues and cells of the body including the processes of absorption distribution and localization in tissues biotransformation and excretion by mechanical and chemical means |
Pharmacokinetics |
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The study of drugs and their action in the body |
Pharmacology |
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An order for a drug written by a qualified medical staff member |
Prescription |
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The patented name given to a drug by its manufacturer |
Proprietary name |
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Anticipated effects of a drug other than those intended |
Side effects |
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Range of drug doses that can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range |
Therapeutic window |
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Refers to application of a drug to the skin or mucous membrane |
Topical |
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The name given to a drug by the company that produces and sells it |
Trade name |
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Refers to administration of a drug by absorption through the skin such as with white men or patches impregnated with the drug |
Transdermal |
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An organization that establishes standards for drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the labeled use |
US Pharmacopoeia |
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Most drugs are derived from |
Synthetic molecules |
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Is used by many primary health care providers especially prescribers and pharmacists. It contains detailed information about prescription and over-the-counter drugs needed for safe administration |
The physicians desk reference PDR |
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Is the complete reference of all drugs dietary supplements and devices marked for medical use in the United States |
The United States Pharmacopoeia national formula |
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Laws pertaining two prescriptions dispensing and administration of drugs are defined by each States |
Practice acts |
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A drug that has high potential for abuse and has no accepted safety for use under medical supervision |
Schedule 1 |
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The drug or other substances has a low potential for abuse relative to drugs or other substances in schedule 3 |
Schedule 4 |
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The drug has a high potential for abuse it has an accepted medical use with restrictions in the United States |
Schedule 2 |
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The drug has low abuse potential. It has accepted medical use. Abuse can lead to limited physical or psychological dependence |
Schedule 5 |
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The drug has less abuse potential than schedule 1 or 2 it has an accepted medical use in the United States abuse of the drug can lead to low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence |
Schedule 3 |
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Is a system of identifying drugs by name. Three methods are used in the international system generic name, trade name, and chemical formula |
Nomenclature |
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The seven drug rights |
The right drug The right patient The right dose The right route The right time The right Indication The right documentation |
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Directed to a person who will fill the order, who verifies the information by reciting it back to the prescriber. |
Verbal order |
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Drugs and other medical substances are manufactured in a formulation that is compatible with how the drug is administered and how it reaches the target tissue |
Dosage form |
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Pregnancy category no demonstrated risk to the fetus |
Pregnancy category A |
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Pregnancy category inadequate studies have been done and animals and people some studies show risk to the fetus in animals |
Pregnancy category C |
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Pregnancy category drugs have been proven to pose a risk that outweighs the benefits of the drug |
Pregnancy category X |
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Pregnancy category there is a risk to the human fetus but the benefit may outweigh risk in certain situations |
Pregnancy category D |
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Pregnancy category animal studies have not demonstrated risk and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women or studies in animals show risk to the fetus but well design studies in people do not |
Pregnancy category B |
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The ten elements have the most influence on drug errors |
Patient information, drug information, communication of drug information, drug packaging labeling and nomenclature, medication storage stock standardization and distribution, environmental factors, drug device acquisition use and monitoring, staff competency and education, patient education on medications, quality processes and risk management |
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What are those that have been implicated in extraordinary high number of errors many of them with fatal consequences has reported to the National medication errors reporting program |
High alert drugs |
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This order can be longhand, type, or submitted electronically |
Written order |
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Disorder remains in effect until the prescriber withdrawals it |
Standing order |
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The drug is to be administered right away |
Stat order |
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Drug is to be given as needed |
PRN order |
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Is a small hollow one piece container with narrow neck. It is opened by breaking the tip at the neck |
Ampule |
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Is used to reconstitute a drug requiring saline as a diluent |
Sterile injectable saline |
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Is used for general irrigation in body cavities and large wounds |
Normal saline |
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It has been replaced in all countries by metric measurements |
Apothecary system |
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Is used to measure dispense and administer a drug. This is the most accurate method of measuring liquids |
A syringe |
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Are sized according to gauge and linked. The larger the gauge the smaller the size |
Hypodermic needle |
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Is an electronic device that delivers a programmed amount of drug in a specific time period |
Infusion pump |
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Long-term administration of drugs including chemotherapy agents and IV solutions, parental nutritional solutions and blood is facilitated by placing a temporary or semi permanent |
Central venous catheter |
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Allergic reaction categorized by tissue inflammation caused by the release of histamine in the body |
Type 1 allergic reaction |
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Allergic reaction cause by antigen antibody complexes which cause tissue damage when they trigger immune response |
Type 3 allergic reaction |
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Pharmacokinetics is divided into four processes |
Absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion |
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Is the process by which a drug enters the body tissues with following administration |
Absorption |
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Is when a drug enters the bloodstream and is carried to body tissues where it exerts its pharmacological effect |
Distribution |
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Is a chemical breakdown of a drug in the body. Most drugs are broken down into smaller less complex chemical components by enzymes |
Biotransformation or metabolism |
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The point in time when a drug first takes effect is called |
Onset |
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Drugs are mainly eliminated or cleared from the body through the kidneys. A small percentage is excreted through the bio Larry track, breast milk, saliva, and intestine. This is called |
Excretion or elimination |
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Occurs when drugs given simultaneously cause effect that is greater than any one of the drugs would have by itself |
Synergy |
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Was developed during the 1940s. It was the first true antibiotic and many different categories of this have emerged all arising from the prototype |
Penicillin |
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Are at low levels and bactericidel in high doses. Are broad spectrum drugs but are most active against gram-positive bacteria. Most commonly are used to treat respiratory tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases |
Macrolides |
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All have similar action. They are bacteriostatic and bactericidal and they inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria |
Lincosamides,vancomycin,ketolides |
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Or broad-spectrum antimicrobial that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Are supplied almost exclusively for oral administration against specific microbes such as rickettsiae and mycobacteria |
Tetracycline |
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Are effective against gram-negative bacteria in which they inhibit protein synthesis. Is used carefully because of adverse reactions |
Aminoglycosides |
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These are broad-spectrum antibacterials that inhibit DNA synthesis. They are used in a variety of infections including respiratory, arthritic, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal conditions |
Quinolones |
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Are most commonly used to treat acute urinary tract infections. Were first introduced in 1930 S |
Sulfonamides |
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Are used for superficial and systemic fungal disease. |
Antifungals |
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Are called anticancer drugs |
Antineoplastic agents |
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Affect neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system |
Autonomic drugs |
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The autonomic system can produce these two different types of responses |
Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Increase the effect of the sympathetic neurotransmitter. Includes both alpha and beta agonist |
Adrenergic agonist |
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Block the effect of the sympathetic neurotransmitter. Includes alpha and beta blockers |
Adrenergic antagonist |
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Contains serum and blood cells + anticoagulant and preservatives |
Whole blood |
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And unit contains 150 to 210 milliliters of red cells plus a small amount of plasma and preservatives |
Red blood cells |
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Or normal red blood cells that have been watch to remove the plasma and are administered to patients who demonstrate repeated hypersensitivity to blood or components |
Washed red blood cells |
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Contain leukocytes in reduced volume with in red blood cells. Are used in patients with a history of nonhemolytic fabrile transfusion reactions |
Leukoreduced red blood cells |
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Are essential for blood coagulation and contain coagulation factors, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Are administered to patients with bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction |
Platelets |
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Are obtained from a abo RH compatible toner and are used to treat severe neutropenia |
Granulocytes |
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Is extracted from whole blood and contains normal amounts of coagulation factors. This blood product is used for patients who have coagulation disorders and active bleeding and require invasive procedures |
Fresh frozen plasma |
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Is the concentration of several emo static proteins that have been prepared from whole blood. Argues for patients with significantly decreased fibrinogen who are actively bleeding or require invasive procedures |
Cryoprecipitate |
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Are used in patients with hemophilia who require invasive procedures |
Factor concentrates |
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Is a drug that inhibits blood clot formation but does not dissolve clots |
Anticoagulant |
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Are used for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Also used in prevention of coagulation during renal dialysis and cardiac surgery |
Heparin |
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Oral anticoagulant therapy using vitamin K antagonists. Is used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism and cardiac abnormalities that increase the risk of embolism in conditions such as valve disease |
Warfarin |
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Are used for the immediate breakdown of systemic blood clots particularly in myocardial infarction |
Thrombolytic agents |
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This category of drugs causes the loss of primary central nervous system functions such as consciousness sensation some autonomic responses and recall of events that occurred while the drug is present in the body |
Anesthetics |
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Are used to paralyzed skeletal muscles an essential component of general anesthesia |
Neuromuscular blockade |
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Group of drugs used to control pain |
Analgesics |
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Are used in a variety of medical and surgical situations to depress consciousness and induce drowsiness |
Sedatives and hypnotics |
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Are used in regional anesthesia to block sensation with or without sedative drugs that provide anxiolysis relaxation |
Local anesthetics |
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Are used for magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Contrast media |
Gadolinium based contrast media |
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Contrast media that is used in echocardiography and ultrasound |
Perfluorocarbon microsphere contrast medium |
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Is an opaque contrast medium used in radiological studies of the GI tract |
Barium sulfate |
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Is used to perform of the Schiller test to identify cervical dysplasia |
Lugol solution |
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Is used to identify abnormal tissue cells in gynecological and urogenital procedures |
Monsel solution |
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Is used to enhance the detection of cervical neoplasia during colposcopy |
Acetic acid |
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Are solutions that contain a small amount of electrolyte solutes |
Crystalloids |
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Solute concentration equal to the physiological environment |
Isotonic |
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Solute concentration higher than that of the physiological environment |
Hypertonic |
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Solute concentration lower than that of the physiological environment |
Hypotonic |
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Is a particle or substance that is dispersed throughout the fluid but not dissolve in it. |
Colloids |
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All Irrigation solutions are saline based and they are labeled as |
Topical or intravenous |
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Stimulate the production of urine by the kidneys. This creates a shift of body fluids. They are the most commonly used in treatment of hypertension and pulmonary edema |
Diuretics |
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Neutralization of stomach acid is an important goal before and during surgery in order to prevent lung damage in the event of regurgitation and aspiration doing general anesthesia |
Gastrointestinal drugs |
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Reduce gastric fluid acidity and volume. |
Antacids |
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These drugs prevent or reduce vomiting |
Antiemetic agents |
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Called a cytotoxic reaction the results of interaction between two antibodies and cell surface antigens |
Type 2 allergic reaction |