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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
antenna complex
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captures light energy in a photosystem
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ATP synthase
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membrane-associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis; found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria
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carbon fixation
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process by which green plants incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars; the second stage of photosynthesis
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chemiosmotic coupling
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mechanism in which a gradient of hydrogen ions (a pH gradient) across a membrane is used to drive an energy-requiring process, such as ATP production or the transport of a molecule across a membrane
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chlorophyll
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light-absorbing pigment that plays a central part in photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place
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cyclic photophosphorylation
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photosynthetic process involving photosystem I only, by which chloroplasts can generate ATP without making NADPH
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cytochrome
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colored, heme-containing protein that transfers electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis
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cytochrome oxidase
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a protein complex that receives electrons from cytochrome c, thus oxidizing it; it then donates these electrons to oxygen
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electron-transport chain
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a series of membrane-embedded electron carrier molecules along which electrons move from a higher to a lower energy level, as in oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis
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iron-sulfur center
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one of a family of electron transporters containing iron atoms linked to sulfur atoms and cysteine side chains; found in electron-transport chains such as those in mitochondria and chloroplasts
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matrix
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most generally, a space within which something is formed; in cell biology, it often refers to the large internal compartment of the mitochondrion, which contains a concentrated mixture of special enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions, as well as the mitochondrial genome and the proteins needed to express mitochondrial genes
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mitochondrion
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membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eucaryotic cells
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nitrogen fixation
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conversion of nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic molecules by soil bacteria and cyanobacteria
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oxidative phosphorylation
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process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from food molecules to molecular oxygen; involves the intermediate generation of a pH gradient across a membrane and chemiosmotic coupling
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photosynthesis
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the process by which plants and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
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photosystem
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large multiprotein complex containing chlorophyll that captures light energy
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quinone
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small, lipid-soluble, mobile electron carrier molecule found in the respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transport chains
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reaction center
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in photosynthetic membranes, a protein complex that contains a specialized pair of chlorophyll molecules that performs photochemical reactions to convert the energy of photons (light) into high-energy electrons for transport down the photosynthetic electron-transport chain
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redox pair
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two molecules in which one acts as an electron donor and one as an electron acceptor in an oxidation-reduction reaction; for example, NADH (electron donor) and NAD+ (electron acceptor)
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redox potential
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a measure of the tendency of a given redox pair to donate electrons (act as a reducing agent) or to accept electrons (act as an oxidizing agent)
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redox reaction
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when electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another; an oxidation-reduction reaction
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stroma
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the connective tissue in which a glandular or other epithelium is embedded; the large interior space of a chloroplast, containing enzymes that incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars in the carbon-fixation stage of photosynthesis
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