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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lacrimal Apparatus |
- Facial Nerve (CN 7) Innervates Tears: Salt, lysozyme (antibacterial), mucus, ions Flows into nasolacrimal duct into the nose |
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Eyelid with Tarsal Plate |
- Glands that secrete sebum to lubricate eyes - Inflammation and subsequent blockage of the glands lead to chalazion (cyst) |
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Conjunctiva |
- Deep to eyelid - Loosely bound sac attached to sclera on inner surface of eyelid - With mucus membrane and blood vessels for lubrication |
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Oculomotor CN 3 - Superior Rectus (Elevates, medial) - Inferior Rectus (Depresses, medial) - Medial Rectus (Medial) - Inferior Oblique (Elevates, lateral) Trochlear CN4 - Superior Oblique (Depresses, lateral) Abducens CN 6 - Lateral Rectus (Lateral abduction) |
6 Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Cranial Nerve - Action |
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Cornea Sclera |
Fibrous Layer Components (2) |
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Also called Uvea - Iris - Choroid - Ciliary body |
Vascular Layer Components (3) AKA? |
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AKA Retina - Pigmented Part - Neural Part |
Nervous Neural Layer Components (2) AKA? |
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Sclera |
- Collagen and elastic fibers - Covers most of surface of eye - Innervated and blood vessels - Supports/protects - Extrinsic eye muscle tendons insert into here |
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Cornea |
- Collagen - Clear part of eye covering iris and pupils - Trigeminal Nerve CN 5 - Sensory - No blood vessels: gets nourishment from tears flowing over surface of eye and from aqueous humor in back - Most sensitive |
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Choroid |
- Contains melanin, helps to absorb excess light - Blood vessels - Provide nourishment to retina |
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Ciliary Body |
- Process: Secretes aqueous humor to fill anterior and posterior chamber in front of eye - Muscle: Smooth muscle to control shape of lens |
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Iris |
- Blood vessels - Pigment cells - Dilator pupillae muscle innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers - Constrictor pupillae muscle (CN 3) Oculomotor nerve |
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Retina |
From back to front - Pigment epithelium: Simple squamous - Photoreceptors Rods: Dim light vision Cones: Color and visual acuity, project to fovea centralis - Bipolar neurons: Synapse with rods and cones - Ganglion cells: Synpase with bipolar neurons and processes from other end form Optic Nerve CN 2 |
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Rods: 125 million, located around periphery of retina Cones: 6 million, more close to center, most are at region called fovea with sharpest vision |
Are there more rods or cones? Location? |
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Canal of Schlemm |
Aqueous humor from ciliary body leaves posterior chamber through pupil into anterior chamber and through this canal |
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Refraction |
Bending of light rays by lens onto surface of the retina |
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Focal Point Focal Distance |
_____________ is where the light rays from an object intersect on the retina and the _____________ is between the center off the lens and that point. |
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Lens |
- Made of protein to give elasticity - Ciliary muscles (smooth) surround lens and are attached to via the suspensory ligaments |
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Accomodation |
Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal distance constant |
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Distant Vision |
- Lens is flattened for distance vision - Ciliary muscle relaxes and pulls on suspensory ligaments attached to lens |
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Close Vision |
- Lens bulge - Ciliary muscle contracts, suspensory ligaments relax, lens is not pulled on |
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Emmetropic Eye |
- No vision problems, not too short or too long. |
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Glaucoma |
- When there is not enough absorption of the aqueous humor - Build up puts pressure on the back of the eye and damages the nerves that make up the optic nerve |
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Medial Retina Fibers |
- Fibers cross over to other side at optic chiasm, for peripheral view |
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Lateral Retina Fibers |
- Fibers do not cross over, responsible for receiving light from medial side |
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Auricle/Pinna External auditory canal/meatus Tympanic Membrane |
3 Parts of External Ear |
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Auricle/Pinna |
- Collect sound waves and funnel them to external auditory canal |
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External auditory canal |
- In temporal Bone - Cerumen glands: Produce cerumin (earwax - antibacterial properties) - Otitis Externa: An infection of this region is called swimmer's ear. Antibacterial drop treatment |
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Tympanic Membrane |
- Stratified squamous epithelium on external surface - Simple cuboidal internal surface - Elastic fibers between these two epithelial layers - Sound comes in causing these elastic fibers to vibrate, which cause parts of middle and inner ear to vibrate |
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Malleus Incus Stapes Eustachian Tube |
4 Parts of Middle Ear |
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Malleus |
- Attached to tympanic membrane |
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Incas |
- Between malleus and stapes - Synovial fluid exist between the spaces between malleus and ______ |
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Stapes |
- Attached to oval window - Synovial fluid between incus and ________ - Conduct vibrations to cochlea inner ear |
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Eustachian tube |
- Connects middle ear to nasophayrnx (Throat) - Functions to equalize pressure in middle ear - Bacteria in middle ear can cause infection called (Otitis Media) |
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Antrum |
The cavity that holds malleus, incus and stapes |
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Cochlea |
* Fluid filled chambers - Sound waves - Stapes - Oval window membranous entrance - Scala Vestibule (Superior chamber) - Scala Tympani (Inferior Chamber) - Sound stops at round window - Vibrations in the two chambers go to Perilymph and endolymph (cochlear ducts - Internal chambers) - Receptors located in Organs of Cortii with cilia (Hair cells - machenoreceptor) - Auditory vestibulocochlear nerve CN 8 carries sound to brain |
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Vestibule |
- Contains utricle and saccule that sit at right angles to each other - These contain hair cells with stones called otoliths on top - Utricle and saccule filled with endolymphs (cochlear ducts - internal chambers) |
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Static Equilibrium |
- As head it tilted, otoliths push down on hair cells in utricle and saccule - Send action potential to Auditory Vestibulocochlear CN 8 to brain |
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Semicircular Canals |
Contain Crista ampularis - Hair cells surrounded by endolymph - When body moves, hair cells move - Balance while moving - Dynamic equilibrium |
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Conduction Deafness |
- Anything that causes damage to the structures of external, middle or inner ear (Pinna, external acoustic canal, malleus, incus, stapes) - Cannot hear - Cause: Something blocking passageway infects the structures to not move as well as they should |
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Sensorineural deafness |
- Damage to the sensory pathway to cause deafness - Auditory vestibulocochlear nerve CN 8 - medulla - inferior colliculli (midbrain) - thalamus - temporal lobe |
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Olfaction |
Location: - Superior part of nasal epithelium - Olfactory epithelium - Bipolar neuron extensions synapse on olfactory bulb - Sensitive, threshold - Adaptation: Repeated odors can cause decrease in stimulation |
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Olfactory Cortex
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- Pathway bypasses the thalamus, ______________, hypothalamus, part of limbic system involved in memory and emotions |
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Taste |
Location: - Papillae, chemoreceptors Nerves: - Facial Nerve 7 - Glossopharyngeal Nerve CN 9 (Ingestion) - Vagus Nerve CN 10 |