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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the scientific revolution a prelude to?
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The enlightenment
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Why is the scientific revolution a "revolution" if it took so long?
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Even though it took almost 150 years it compleatly altered the old ways of thinking
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What were the causes of the Scientific Revolution?
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Trade and expansion of it
Formation of medieval universities such as University of Padua The Renaissance Reformation |
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Who wrote On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres?
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Copernicus
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What did Copernicus base his ideas on?
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Very conservitive math but not observation
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What were two things that Copernicus realized?
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- Importance of printing
- The earth turns on an axis |
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How did Copernicus believe the universe was laid out?
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sun at center and surrounded by everything else (Heliocentric)
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What did Copernicus create doubt about?
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Ptolemaic system
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What was the Ptolemaic system?
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???
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What did Tycho Brahe do?
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set new standards in observation without a telescope and furthered Copernicus' idea of the Heleocentric telescope
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What was the scientific revolution a prelude to?
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The enlightenment
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Why is the scientific revolution a "revolution" if it took so long?
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Even though it took almost 150 years it compleatly altered the old ways of thinking
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What were the causes of the Scientific Revolution?
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Trade and expansion of it
Formation of medieval universities such as University of Padua The Renaissance Reformation |
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Who wrote On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres?
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Copernicus
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What did Copernicus base his ideas on?
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Very conservitive math but not observation
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What were two things that Copernicus realized?
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- Importance of printing
- The earth turns on an axis |
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How did Copernicus believe the universe was laid out?
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sun at center and surrounded by everything else (Heliocentric)
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What did Copernicus create doubt about?
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Ptolemaic system
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What was the Ptolemaic system?
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???
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What did Tycho Brahe do?
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set new standards in observation without a telescope and furthered Copernicus' idea of the Heleocentric telescope
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What ideas did Brahe junk?
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the idea that the universe was a perfect circle and the idea that there are fixed spheres in the universe
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Who was Kepler?
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student o math and astronomy of Brahe
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What did Kepler have interest in?
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Hermetic thought and mathmatical magic
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What was the "Music of the Spheres?"
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related astrology, math, and harmonics and regards prportions in the movements of celestial bodies, the sun, moon, and planets as a form of music
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What did the three laws of Planetary motion state?
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planets move in ellipses at varying speeds and it discredits the Ptolemaic system
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What did Galileo do?
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he linked science and math w/ observation
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What did Galileo use? Also, what did he discover?
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the telescope and the notion of inertia
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What did Galileo write?
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The starry Messanger
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What did the Starry Messenger do?
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contadicted Aristotles' idea that since the heavens were more perfect thatn the earth, the heavenly bodiesmust be perfectly smooth spheres
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What did Galileo secularize?
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science
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What happened to Galileo regarding the church?
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he argued for seperation between theology and science since God endowed us with reason and was condemned for the church by this
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What theory did Galileo believe in?
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Heliocentric
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What happened to Galileo after his trial?
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he was sentenced to house arrest and silence after he recanted his writings to save his life
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What did Bacon do?
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rejected Copernicus and Kepler and misunderstood Galileo
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How did Bacon correct the scientific method?
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made it proceed from particular to general-- inductive-- making alot of observations
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What did Bacons corrections lead to?
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making scientific observationa method
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What was Descartes famous quote that somewhat defined him?
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"I think therefore I am" meaning you know you exist and then think from there
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What did Descartes believe in?
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deduction and mathmatical logic (general-particular)
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What did Descartes link?
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algebra and geometry
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What was Descartes the father of?
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modern rationalism
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What were the ideas of modern rationalism?
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any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge of justification
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What did Descartes also come up with?
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Cartesian Dualism
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What was Cartesian Dualism
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the immaterial mind and the material body are two compleatly different types of substances that interact with one another
ex. the body could be divided up by removing a leg or arm but te mind and soul were invisible |
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What did Newton do?
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united Bacon's inductive and Descartes' deductive and brought together Galileo's discoveries about motion on earth and Kepler's ideas about motion in the universe
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What was Newton's position at Cambridge?
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chair of math
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What were Newton's math principles called?
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principia
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How did Newton see the world?
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it was very mechanistic but there was still room for God
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How did Newton view religion?
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He was extreamly pious (religious)
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What were te three laws of motion created by Newton?
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1. intertia- drives out the angels and lets us see the universe as a large clockwork
2. Every action has an equal or opposite reaction 3. Every boy attracts every other boyd w/ a force proportional to the distance between |
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Who dominated medieval medicine?
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Galen
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Were Galen's advances in medicine and anatomy useful?
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Yes, they lasted for over 1,000 years and were passed on to Renaissance scholars and were later corrected after more research by Vesalius on humans rather than animals
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What did Vesalius write?
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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What did Vesalius believe in?
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dissection of the human body--was the first to do this
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Who wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood and what did it explain?
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Harvey and it explained the continual circulation of the blood
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Who was Leeuwenhoek?
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the "father of microscopy"
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Why was Leeuwenhoek called that?
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he developed powerful microscopes and was the fist to see and write about bacteria and living organisms in a drop of water
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Who was Boyle?
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one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments and looked at the properties of gases and discovered that matter is composed of atoms
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What did Lavoisier develop?
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a system of naming the chemical elements
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What happened regarding women in modern science?
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they received more oppurtunities and had largely informal education
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Who was Cavendish?
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a woman who wrote on natural philosophy and the study of nature and the physical universe which was a male dominated subject
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Who was Merian?
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a naturalist and scientific illustrator who made detailed paintings of plants and insects
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Who was Winkleman?
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a woman who discovered a comet and was later rejected for a post by Berlin Academy
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What was the debate over the nature of women?
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scientists used evidence to re affirm the inferiority of women resulting in many womens rights being lost
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What did the English and Frence Royal Societies recognize?
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the value of science and research thus beginning a comprehensive effort in science
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What did Spinoza develop?
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the philosophy of pantheism
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Who is Pascal?
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a man who sought to keep science and religion united and had a mystical vision that assured him God cares for the human soul
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What did Pascal dedicate his life to?
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Religious matters
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What did Pascal seek?
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to convert rationalists to Christianity and state reason had its limits
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What did he Enlightenment hold?
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the emergence of a secular world view for the first time in history
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What were some ideas held by the Enlightenment?
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-natural science and reason could explain all aspects of life
- autonomy of man's intellect apart from God - faith in reason over revelation |
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What did the Enlightenment attack? s
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superstition, religious intlerance and dogmatism
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What did Locke write?
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Two Treatises of Civil Government
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What was the Two Treatises of Civil Government?
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- a philisophical defense for the glorious revolution
- hunmans are basically good but lack protection - governtments provide law through consent of the government |
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What did Locke believe?
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neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained and there are certain natural rights endowed by God to all humans and the right to rebel if government doesn't protect those rights
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What are our natural rights?
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life liberty and pursuit of hapiness
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What does Tabula Rosa state?
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we are a blank slate at birth
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What did te essay concerning huma understanding written by Locke contain?
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Tabula Rosa, importance o environment on human development, and virtue can be learned and practiced
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What did Fontenelle write?
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Plurality of worlds
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What did Plurality of worlds, written by Fontenelle, contain?
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highly complicated ideas and stressed the idea of progress
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What did the Philiphers all have in common?
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Although they came from all walks of life, they were committed to a fundamental reform in society
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What did the Philophes call for?
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a spirit of rational criticism
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Who were the 3 French giants?
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Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot
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What was the Treatise on toleration?:
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religious toleration stating all brothers were under God
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What was Voltaire?
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A deist- there is a God who does not interact with us
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What did Voltaire advocate?
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enlightened despotism
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What is enlightened despotism?
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belief that people are not capable of governing themselves
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Who was Montisquieu?
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a French nobleman who hated absolutism
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What were the Spirit of Laws?
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- seperated power into 3 branches in order to prevent tyranny and promote liberty
- containd principle of checks and balances - had significant impact of U.S. costitutiion and French revolution |
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What did Rousseau believe?
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man is inherently God corrupted by the materialism of civilization
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What did the Social Contract state?
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there was too much emphasis on property and not enough on humans......strongly implied democracy
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What was Emile?
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an important work on education and encouraging parents to love their children and children learning from doing things
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Who was Diderot?
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greatest and most representative work of the philosphies that helped popularize the views of thephilosphies and emphasized te use of science and reason but was banned in France
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Who wrote On Crimes and Punishment?
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Beccaria
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What did On Crimes and Punishment do?
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sought to humanize criminal law based on enlightenment concepts
- punishment should be based rationaly on the damage done to society not linked to the concept of sin |
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Who was Quesnay?
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leader o the Physiocrats
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What were the Physiocrats?
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natural economic laws
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What did Quesnay reject?
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mercantalism because he believed Frech government and nobility ha too much control over land which stifled agricultural production
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What did the Wealth of Nations do?
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considered the "Bible" of capitalism and refined and expanded laissez faire philosophy of physiocrats and said economy is governed by supply/demand
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What did Adam Smith say?
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government has only three basic functions
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What were those three basic functions?
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-to protect society from invasion
-to defend individuals from injustice and oppresion -to keep up public works |
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What were salons?
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elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy
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What was the Womans Question in the enlightentment?
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-the philophies favored increased rights and education for women
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Who was Wollstonecraft?
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subjection of women by men was wrong, wrote vidnication of The Rights of Women and promoted educational quality for women
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What happened during the later enlightenment?
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people became somehwat more skeptical and in some cases atheistic
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Who was d'Holbach?
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a strict atheist who wrote System of Nature
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What does System of Nature say?
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humans are just machines compleatly determined by outside forces and God is a product of the huma mind which is uneccessary
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Who is Hume?
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a skeptic and atheist who said human ideas are merely the result o sensory experiences
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Who is Condorcet and wha did he write?
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atheist who wrote the Progress of the Human Mind which identified that nine stages of human life had alread occured and predicted the 10th stage brought perfection
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Who is Kant?
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greatest German philosopher of the englightenment who seperated science and morality into seperate branches of knowledge
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What could and couldn't science do according to Kant?
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Could describe nature, couldn't provide a guide for morality
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What did Classical Liberalism contain?
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1. Liberty of individual and equity before the law (not democracy)
2. "Natural Rights" played a profound role in Revolutions 3. Locke and Montesquieu 4. Belief in progress through reason and education 5. Laissez faire capitalism 6. Religious toleration |
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What was Protestant Revivalism
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a reaction to the secular and deist views of the enlightenment
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Who was Wesley?
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man who used methodism and realized the need for spiritual regeneration and a moral life that would demonstrate one's having been born again
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Where was Rococo are centered?
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France
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What did Rococo art ontain?
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pastels, light, airy and had fussy details and was very ornate portraying life of aristocracy
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What was Rococo art?
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a backlash to baroque (opposite)
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What was Neoclassicism?
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style of paining that was morally uplifiting and inspired by the Greeks and Romans
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What was Neoclassicism style like?
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dramatinc lighting, ideal forms, clarity
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Who was a Baroque composer?
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Bach (german composer and organist)
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What time of music wa Baroque music?
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ecclesiastical and secular works for choir, orcherastra and solo instruments
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What was Handel known for?
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operas, oratorios, and concertos
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What was Haydn called often?
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the father of symphony
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Who was Mozart?
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a classical music artist who was a child prodigy and composed over 600 works
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What did the High Culture of the 18th century do?
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increased readership and publishing
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