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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is taxonomy?
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Biological classification
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Taxonomy consists of 3 parts. What are they?
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1. Classification
2. Nomenclature 3. Identification |
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How does "natural" classification work? What is a drawback?
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Arranged into groups by characteristics
Does not provide info on evolutionary relatedness |
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What are some characteristics of phenetic classification?
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1. Grouped by similar phenotypes
2. Reveals evolutionary relationships |
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What is phylogeny?
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Evolutionary development of a species
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How do we asses evolutionary relatedness in organisms?
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By looking at the SSU's rRNA nucleotide sequences (phylogenetic classification)
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What is genotypic classification?
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Comparing the genetic similarity between organisms (either induvidual genes or whole genomes)
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Taxonomic ranking use "levels". Each level ______ a common feature
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shares
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What is the highest taxonomic rank?
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Domain
Bacteria and Archae (microbes only) Eukarya (microbes AND macroorganisms) |
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What "levels" are found after the domain?
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Phylum
Class Order Family Genus Species Epithet |
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In 2005, the International Society of Protistologist proposed what?
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To give a higher-level classification of the eucarya domain
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The five kingdom system is no longer accepted. What are the reasons?
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1. Little distinction between archaea and bacteria
2. Kingdom Protista is too diverse 3. Certain boundaries were ill-defined |
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What is the definition of a microbe species?
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Strains that share many properties and differ significantly from other strains (can also share same housekeeping gene sequences)
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A strain descends from what?
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A single, PURE microbial culture
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Explain biovars, morphovars and serovars
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Biovars: differ biochemically and physiologically
Morphovars: differ morphologically Serovars : differ in antigens |
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What is genus?
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A defined group of one or more strains
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Taxonomists sometimes disagree about what ______ should be assigned to a ______.
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species, genus
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Binomial nomenclature is made up of what?
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Genus Name, Species epithet
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Give an example of binomial nomenclature.
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Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Can abbreviate after the first use |
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What kind of characteristics do we look at when determining taxonomy and phylogney?
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1. Morphological
2. Physiological 3. Biochemical 4. Ecological 5. Genetic |
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Name three morphological features used in classification
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1. Cell shape
2. Cell size 3. Straining behavior See Slide 16 for more |
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Name three physiological characteristics in classification
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1. Energy sources
2. Luminescence 3. Oxygen relationships See slide 17 for more |
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Name several ecological characteristics in classification
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1. Life-cycle patterns
2. Symbiotic relationships 3. Ability to cause disease 4. Habitat preferences 5. Growth requirements |
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Name several molecular characteristics
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1. NA base composition
2. NA hybridization 3. NA sequencing 4. Genomic sequencing 5. Amino acid sequencing |
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Study slides 21 thru 25
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Study slides 21 thru 25
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The evolution of organelles came about through what?
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Endosymbiosis
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How did organelles come about?
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Ancestral eukaryotic cells lost their walls. Organelles were "swallowed" by the cell
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts believed to be descended from what?
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Rickettsiea and Prochlorococcus
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What is the first hypothesis of eukaryotic nucleus evolution?
Clip pic slide 29 |
Archaean and bacterium fused
Evolution of organelles included nucleous |
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What is the second hypothesis of eukaryotic nucleous evolution?
Clip pic slide 29 |
Archaean engulfed bacterium
Organelles evolve |
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Term: ecotype
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a population of microbes that is genetically very similar but ecologically distinct from others of the same taxon
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Term: endosymbiotic hypothesis
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that mitochondria and choloroplasts arose when bacteria established an endoysmiotic relationship with ancestral cells and then evolved into organelles
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Term: G + C content
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the percent of an orgtanisms genome that consists of guanine and cytosine: used in taxonomic analysis
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Term: monophyletic
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refers to organisms that arose from a singel common ancestor
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Term: natural classificaiton
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a classification system that arranges organisms into groups whose members wshare many characteristics
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Term: oligonucleotide signature sequences
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short, conserved nucleotide sequences that are specific for a phylogenetically defined group of organisms
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Term: phenetic system
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a classification system that groups organisms together based on the similarity of their observabel characteristics
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Term: phylogenetic or phyletic classification
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system based on evolutionary relationships, rather than the general similarity of characteristics
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Term: phylogenetic tree
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shows phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms
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Term: polyphasic taxonomy
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where taxonomic schemes are developed using a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic info
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Term: strain
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microbes that are descendants of a singel, pure microbial culture. a single species may have several strains
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