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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Direction of Blood Flow |
From liver though IVC & SVC drains blood from head and upper extremities to Right Atrium then Tricuspid Valve to Right Ventricle to Pulmonic Valve to Pulmonary artery unoxygenated blood to lungs. Lungs oxygenate blood. oxygenated blood flows to heart through pulmonary veins to Left Atrium. Then through Mitral valve into the Left ventricle. last through the Aortic Valve into the Aorta which delivers oxygenated blood to the body |
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first heart sound S1 |
LUB closure of the Atrioventricular valves signals beginning of systole loudest at Apex (mitral then tricuspid components) |
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Second Heart sound S2 |
DUP closure of the semilunar valves signals end of systole loudest at the base (Aortic then pulmonic component) |
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Atrial Systole |
active filling phase "atrial kick" Toward end of dystole the atrial contract and push the last amount of blood into the ventricles. Atrial diastole occurs during ventricular diastole |
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Atrioventricular (AV) Valve |
separate the atria and the ventricle. open during filling phase (diastole) to allow ventricles to fill with blood. Close during pumping phase (systole) to prevent regurgitation of blood in atria right - tricuspid left - mitral |
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Semilunar (SL) valves |
located between the ventricles and arteries. valves have three cusps that look like half moons. Opens during pumping (systole) to allow blood to be ejected from the heart. Right - Pulmonic Left - Aortic |
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Heart Location |
heart extends from 2nd to 5th intercostal space and from right border of sternum to the left midclavicular line. |
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Base |
top of heart and is broader |
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Apex |
Bottom of heart and points down and to the left. beats against chest wall during contraction producing an apical impulse. Most palpable at the 5th intercostal space 7-9cm from mid-sternal line |
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Cardiac Cycle |
the rhythmic movement of blood through the heart. two phases systole and diastole diastole- 2/3 cycle ventricles relax and fill with blood systole- 1/3 cycle hearts contraction. blood is pumped from ventricles to pulmonary and systemic arteries order = diastole -systole -diastole again |
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Diastole |
Ventricles relaxed and AV valves are open First passive filling (early or protodiastolic filling) blood flows from atria to ventricle passively Second Active filling (presystole or atrial systole) atria contracts and push last amount of blood |
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ventricular diastole |
Period when ventricles are filling (re-polarization) and relaxing. Atrial diastole occurs during ventricular diastole |
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Systole |
pressure in ventricle is higher than atria. Mitral and Tricuspid (AV) valves shut. S1 signals beginning AV valves close S2 signals ending SL valves close |
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Normal splitting of S2 |
T-DUP when the Aortic valve closes significantly earlier then the pulmonic valve you can hear the two components separately at 2nd left interspace normal - S1-S2 splitting - S1 - S2 S2 |
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S3 |
normally diastole and silent. some conditions ventricular filling can cause vibrations that are heard during protodiastole, immediately after S2. heard as S3-S3 |
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S4 |
normally diastole and silent occurs at end of diastole (presystole) when ventricle is resistant to filling. Atria contract pushing blood into non-compliant ventricle creating vibrations heard as S4-S4 |
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Assessment of Jugular Vein pulsation |
Using the JV you can assess the Central Venous Pressure and judge heart. stand on persons right side (veins have direct route to heart). position person supine 30-45 degrees. higher venous pressure higher position you need |
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Bruit |
blowing swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence: normally none is present -indicates turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as atherosclerotic narrowing |
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Auscultation of the Carotid Artery |
for persons middle aged who show signs or symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Auscultate for the presence of a bruit. keep neck in neutral position. Lightly apply bell over 1) angle of the jaw 2) midcervical area 3) base of the neck |
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Thrill |
palpable vibration. feels like the throat of a purring cat. signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs. (absence doesn't necessarily rule out a murmur) |
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Pulse |
Temporal Artery Carotid Artery Apical Brachial Artery Ulnar Artery Radial Artery Femoral Artery Popiteal Artery Dorsalis Pedis Artery Posterior Tibal Artery |
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Arteries |
heart pumps freshly oxygenated blood through arteries to all body tissues. High Pressure system with strong tough and tense walls to withstand pressure. Elastic fibers allows walls to stretch. Create PULSE at sites where arteries lie close to skin over a bone. |
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Veins |
course of veins parallels arteries but the body has more veins close to the surface. Drains deoxygenated blood and its waste products back to the heart. Low Pressure System and thinner walls. |
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Venous Flow |
Mechanism to keep blood moving. 1) contracting skeletal muscles milk blood proximally back to heart 2) pressure gradient created by breathing. inspiration decreases thoracic pressure and increases abdominal pressure. 3) intraluminal valves, which ensure unidirectional flow. |
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Lymphatics |
retrieves excess fluid from the tissue spaces and returns it to the bloodstream. two main trunks that empty into the subclavian veins. without lymphatic drainage fluid would build up in interstitial spaces and produce edema. |
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Right Lymphatic duct |
empties into Rt Subclavian Vein. DRains rt side of head and neck, right arm,right sie of thorax, right lung and pleura, right side of heart and upper right section of liver. |
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Thoracic duct |
empties into LT Subclavian vein. and drains the rest of body |
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functions of lymphatic system |
1) conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of the capillaries 2) form a major part of the immune system that defends the body against disease 3)absorbs lipids from the intestinal tract |
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Lymph nodes |
small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at the intervals along the vessels. Filter fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream. There pathogens are exposed to B and T lymphocytes. (cervical, Axillary, epitrochlear, and inguinal are palpable nodes) |
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spleen |
located in upper left quadrant of abdomen 4 functions 1. destroy old red blood cells 2. produce antibodies 3. store red blood cells 4. filter microorganisms from the blood |
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Capillary Refill |
depress and blanch nail beds: normal time is 1-2 seconds. refill lasting longer signifies vasoconstriction or decreased cardiac output |
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pulse grades |
0 =absent 1+ = weak, thready (shock peripheral arterial disease) 2+ = normal 3+ = increased, full. bounding (occurs with hyperkinetic states, anemia, and hyperthyroidism) |
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Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) |
Liver Gallbladder Spleen Duodenum head of pancreas Right Kidney and adrenal hepatic flexure of colon part of ascending and transverse colon |
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Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) |
stomach spleen left lobe of liver body of pancreas left kidney and adrenal splenic flexure of colon part of transverse descending colon |
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Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) |
Cecum Appendix Right ovary and tube right ureter right spermatic cord |
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Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
part of descending colon sigmoid colon left ovary of tube left ureter left spermatic cord |
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midline |
Aorta uterus bladder |
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Dysphagia |
difficulty swallowing occurs with disorders of the throat or esophogus |
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hernia |
protusion of abdominal viscera through abdominal opening in muscle wall |
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contour of abdomen |
flat schaphoid (caves in) round protuberant |
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Auscultate Bowel sounds |
begin in RLQ because bowel sounds are normally present here Hyperactive- loud high pitched rushing, tinkling sound that signal increased motility. (borborygmus) Hypoactive- follow abdominal surgery or with inflammation of peritoneum |
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Costoverbal Angle |
sharp pain here occurs with inflammation of the kidney or paranephric area |
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Ascites |
Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity |