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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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__________ _______________ is an alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions
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Cellular Adaptation
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Atrophy is a ____________ in cellular size
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Decrease
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_____________ atrophy occurs with early development
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Physiologic
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Give an example of Physiologic atrophy
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thymus gland involutes and atrophies
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Pathologic atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in
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*workload
*use *pressure *blood supply *nutrition *hormonal stimulation *nervous stimulation |
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Aging causes brain cells and endocrine-depended organs such as the gonads to become____________
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atrophic
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Hypetrophy is an _______________ in the size of cells
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increase
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2 causes of hypertophy in cells
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increased work demands
hormonal stimulation |
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Can hypertrophy be physiologic or pathologic?
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Yes it can be both
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Hyperplasia is an increase in the ___________ of cells caused by an __________ rate of cellular ____________.
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number
increased division |
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______________ hyperplasia enables certain organs to regenerate.
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Compensatory
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______________ hyperplasia is the abnormal proliferation of normal cells in response to excessive __________ stimulation of growth factors on target cells
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Pathologic
hormonal |
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____________ or atypical hyperplasia is and abnormal change in the _________, ____________ and _____________ of mature tissue cells
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Dysplasia
size shape organization |
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Metaplasia is the _________________ replacement of one _______________ cell type by another __________ ___________ cell type
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reversible
mature less mature |
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Metaplasia is thought to develop from a reprogramming of.........................
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stem cells existing in most epithelia or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in connective tissue.
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Most diseases begin with _______ injury.
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Cell
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Injured cells may.........................
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recover (reversible injury) or die (irreversible injury).
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Cellular injury can be caused by:
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Hypoxia
Free radicals Caustic/toxic chemicals infectious agents unintentional/intentional injury inflammatory/immune responses genetic factors insufficient nutrients physical trauma |
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Cellular injury can be __________ or _________ and it can be _______________ or _____________.
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Acute/Chronic
reversible/irreversible |
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Cellular injury can involve:
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necrosis
apoptosis accumulation calcification |
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Name the 4 biochemical themes that are important to cell injury
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1.) ATP depletion
2.) oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals. 3.) intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state 4.) defects in membrane permeability. |
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The sequence of events that commonly leads to cell death is:
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-Decreased ATP production >
-Failure of transport mechanisms (the sodium/potassium pump) > -Cellular swelling > -Detachment of ribosomes from the ER > -Cessation of CHON synthesis > -Mitochondrial swelling as a result of Ca+ accumulation > -Vacuolation > -Leakage of digestive enzymes from lysosomes > -Autodigestion of intracellular structures > -Lysis of plasma membrane > -DEATH |
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Free radicals can cause
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1.) Lipid peroxidation or the
destruction of unsaturated fatty acids 2.) alterations of CHON's 3.) Alterations in DNA |
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The initial injury in chemical injury of the cell is damage or destruction of the ______________ _____________
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plasma memebrane
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Examples of chemical agents that cause cellular injury are:
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lead
carbon monoxide ethanol mercury social/street drugs |
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Death caused by injuries are more common in which gender and which race?
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Male
African-American |
