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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The two major types of fiber arrangements that essentially all skeletal muscles may be grouped into are:
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parallel and pennate
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Spindle-shaped muscles with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end are known as:
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fusiform
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Thin and broad muscles, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses are known as:
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flat
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Circular muscles which surround openings and function to close them upon contraction are known as:
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sphincter (circular)
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Muscles with fibers running obliquely from a tendon on one side only are known as:
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Unipennate
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Muscle with fibers running obliquely on both sides from a central tendon are known as:
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Bipennate
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The portion of the central nervous system that is at the level of control and provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action, but not as specific muscle activity is the:
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Cerebral Cortex
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The portion of the central nervous system that is a major integrator of sensory impulses and providing feedback relative to motion is the:
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Cerebellum
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The portion of the central nervous system that integrates all central nervous system activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions is the:
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Brain Stem
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Nerves that bring impulses from receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, and other peripheral aspects of the body to the CNS are known as:
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Afferent
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Nerves that carry impulses to the outlying regions of the body from the CNS are known as:
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Efferent
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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ______ nervous system and the ________ nervous system.
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Central and Peripheral
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A defined area of skin supplied by the dorsal or sensory root fibers of a single spinal nerve is known as a:
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Dermatome
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A(n) _______ contraction occurs when tension is developed in the muscles but the length does not change.
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Isometric
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Muscles which cause or control joint motion through a specified plan of motion are known as _____ muscles.
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Agonist
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More uniform in diameter with essentially all of their fibers arranged in a long parallel manner"
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Strap
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Combined arrangement of flat and fusiform muscles, originate on broad aponeuroses and converge to a single point of attachment via a tendon:
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Radiate
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Several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them:
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Multipennate
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Deltoid
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Multipennate
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Pectoralis Major
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Radiate
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Brachialis
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Fusiform
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Rectus Femoris
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Bipennate
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Satorius
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Strap
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Rectus Abdominus
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Flat
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Biceps Femoris
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Unipennate
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Orbicularis Oris
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Sphincter
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Range through which a muscle can change it length
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Amplitude
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Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion
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Aggregate muscle action
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Ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching
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Elasticity
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Ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated
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Contractility
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Proximal attachment of a muscle
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Irritability
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Distal attachment of a muscle
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Insertion
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Muscles which cause or control joint motion through a specified plane of motion
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Agonists
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Ability of muscle to be stretched back to its original length following contraction
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Extensibility
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Central, fleshy portion of the muscle
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Gaster
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Two joint, muscles have attachments which cross joints at their proximal and distal ends
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Biarticular muscles
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Surround the join or body part and contact to fixate the area in order to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move
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Stabilizing Muscles
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Shortening and/or lengthening of muscle fibers under varying degrees of tension
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Isotonic Contraction
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Occurs when the muscle tissue is lengthened under tension
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Eccentric Contraction
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Times when muscle tension cannot be found in either muscle group due to extremely quick repetition of the same movements
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Reciprocal Innervation
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Static contraction tension is developed in the muscles but the length does not change
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Isometric Contraction
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When the muscle is contracted and shortening occurs within the muscle fibers
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Concentric Contraction
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When both muscle groups on either side of a join are under tension performing a joint action at a very slow speed against great resistance
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Cocontraction
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Located on the opposite side of the join from the prime movers
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Contralateral Muscles
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When the stretch reflex of a lengthening antagonistic muscle is dampened due to the concentric contraction of the agonists
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Inhibition
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Main function is to rule out undesired motion and aid in refined movement
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Synergists
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Counteract or neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements
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Neutralizing Muscles
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Muscle contraction produces:
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Force
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Some muscles contribute to ______ most of the day.
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Posture
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Shorter fibers arranged obliquely to their tendons
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Pennate
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Muscles work in:
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Groups
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Factor in muscle's ability to exert force
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Diameter
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"Triangular, fan-shaped, or convergent"
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Radiate
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Muscles are named due to:
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Function
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Muscles provide:
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Protection
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Generally produce greater range of movement
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Parallel
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Muscle irritability
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Excitability
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Eccentric contraction result
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Deceleration
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Segment of nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers
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Innervation
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Least movable part or attachment of a muscle
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Origin
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Result of concentric contractions
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Acceleration
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Contralateral Muscles
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Antagonist
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Exercise technique where speed of movement is constant
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Isokinetic
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Muscles who origins are insertions are found in the hand
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Intrinsic
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Most movable part attachment of a muscle
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Insertion
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Specific movement of a joint
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Action
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Somatic and visceral nerves
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Efferent
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Pairs of cervical nerves
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Eight
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Neurons that transmit impulses to spinal cord and CNS
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Sensory
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Transmit impulses to neuron and cell body
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Dendrites
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Visceral nerves
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involuntary
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Generally responsible for sensation from upper part of shoulders to back of head and front of neck
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Cervical plexus
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Supplies motor and sensory function to the upper extremity and most of the scapula
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Brachial plexus
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Motor nerves
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Efferent
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Neurons that transmit impulses away from spinal cord and CNS
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Motor
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Pathway between CNS and PNS
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Spinal Nerves
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Nerve cell
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Neuron
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Conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
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Interneurons
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"Nerves that carry impulses to the heart, smooth muscles, and glands"
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Visceral
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Under conscious control and carry impulses to skeletal muscles
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Somatic
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Named for the location from which they exit vertebral column
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Spinal Cord
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Pairs of sacral nerves
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five
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Somatic Nerves
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Voluntary
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Transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body
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Axon
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Sensory nerves
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Afferent
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C5 through T1 plexus
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Brachial
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Adductor longus
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Radiate
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Adductor magnus
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bipennate
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Brachioradialis
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Fusiform
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Flexor carpi ulnaris
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unipennate
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latissimus dorsi
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radiate
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Pronator quadratus
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strap
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rhomboid
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flat
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triceps brachii
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bipennate
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