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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Matter |
Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Define Atom |
The smallest functional unit of matter that forms all chemical substances and cannot be further broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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Define Organic Chemistry |
The study of carbon-containing molecules |
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Define Solid, Liquid, and Gas |
Solid: Firm and stable, does not take shape of container Liquid: Fluid in movement, takes shape of container Gas: Air-like substance, fills up container |
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Define Molecules |
Two or more atoms that are connected by chemical bonds |
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Define element |
A substance of specific types of atoms that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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Define Proton |
A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number and defines each type of element |
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Define Neutron |
A neutral particle found in the center of an atom |
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Define Electron |
A negatively charged particle found in orbitals around an atomic nucleus |
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Define Neutral Atom |
An atom in which the number of electrons that surround the nucleus is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, so that there is no net electric charge. |
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Define Ion |
An atom or molecule that gains or loses one or more electrons an acquires a net electric charge |
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Define Isotope |
An element that exists in multiple forms that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
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Define Radioisotopes |
An isotope found in nature that is inherently unstable and usually does not exist for long periods of time. Such isotopes decay and emit energy in the form of radiation |
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Define Orbitals |
The region surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the probability is high of finding a particular electron |
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Define Valence Electrons |
An electron in the outer shell of an atom that is available to combine with other atoms. Such electrons allow atoms to form chemical bonds with each other |
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Define Energy Shells |
In an atom, an energy level of electrons occupied by one or more orbitals; each energy level is a characteristic distance from the nucleus, with outer shells having more energy than inner shells |
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Define Atomic Number |
The number of protons in an atom |
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Define Atomic Mass |
An atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms |
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Define Periodic Table |
A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns. |
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Define Mole |
The amount of any substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon |
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Define Molecular Formula |
A representation of a molecule that consists of the chemical symbols for all of the atoms present and subscripts that indicate how many of those atoms are present |
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Define Compound |
A molecule composed of two or more different elements |
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Define Covalent Bond |
A chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons |
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Define Octet Rule |
The phenomenon that some atoms are stable when their outer shell is full with eight electrons |
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Define Single Bond |
A chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms |
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Define Double Bond |
A1 chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms |
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Define electronegativity |
A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons to its outer shell from another atom |
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Define Polar Covalent Bond |
A covalent bond between two atoms that have different electronegativities; the shared electrons are closer to the atom of the higher electronegativity than the atom of the lower electronegativity. The distribution of electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or difference in electric charge, across the molecule |
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Define Nonpolar Covalent Bond |
A strong bond formed between two atoms of similar electronegativities in which electrons are shared between the atoms |
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Define Polar Molecules |
A molecule containing significant numbers of polar bonds |
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Define Nonpolar Molecules |
A molecule composed predominantely of nonpolar bonds |
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Define Hydrogen Bond |
A weak chemical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of a polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another polar molecule |
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Define Ionic Bond |
The bond that occurs when a cation binds to an anion |
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Define Chemical Reaction |
The formation and breaking of chemical bonds, resulting in a change in the composition of substances |
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Define Reactants |
A substance that participates in a chemical reaction and becomes changed by that reaction |
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Define Products |
The end result of a chemical reaction |
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Define Solute |
A substance dissolved in a liquid |
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Define Solvent |
The liquid in which a solute is dissolved |
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Define Solution |
A liquid that contains one or more dissolved solutes |
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Define Aqueous Solution |
A solution in which the solvent is water |
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Define Hydrophilic |
Water loving |
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Define Hydrophobic |
Water fearing |
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Define Amphipathic |
Molecules containing a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region |
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Define Micelles |
The sphere formed by long amphipathic molecules when they are mixed with water. In animals, micelles aid in the absorption of poorly soluble products during digestion |
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Define Concentration |
The amount of solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution |
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Define Molecular Mass |
Molecular mass or molecular weight refers to the mass of a molecule. It is calculated as the sum of the mass of each constituent atom multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula |
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Define Surface Tension |
A measure of how difficult it is to break the interface between a liquid and air |
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Define Hydrolysis |
A chemical reaction that utilizes water to break apart molecules |
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Define Condensation/Dehydration |
A type of condensation reaction in which a molecule of water is lost |
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Define Acid |
A molecule that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
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Define Base |
A molecule that when dissolved in water lowers the H+ concentration |
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Define Buffer |
A compound that acts to minimize pH fluctuations in the fluids of living organisms. Buffer systems can raise or lower pH as needed |
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Define Dissociate |
To split into separate smaller atoms, ions, or molecules, especially reversibly |
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H+ |
Hydrogen Ions |
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OH- |
Hydroxide Ions |
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pH |
A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline. The pH is equal to -log10 c, where c is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter |
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Define Acidic |
A solution that has a pH below 7 |
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Define Alkaline |
A solution that has a pH above 7 |
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What are the four essential elements that compose the majority of living matter? |
C.H.O.N. |
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Explain how two isotopes of an element are the same and how they are different |
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain an identical number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. Despite having different numbers of neutrons, isotopes of the same element have very similar physical properties. |
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Why is water polar? |
The unequal sharing of electrons gives the water molecule a slight negative charge near its oxygen atom and a slight positive charge near its hydrogen atoms. When a neutral molecule has a positive area at one end and a negative area at the other, it is a polar molecule |
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List seven important functions of water |
1) Water participates in chemical reactions 2) Water provides support (plants) 3) Water is used to eliminate soluble wastes 4) Evaporation helps some animals dissipate body heat 5) The cohesive force of water molecules aids in the movement of fluid through vessels in plants 6) Water in saliva serves as a lubricant during - or as shown here, in anticipation of - feeding 7) The surface tension of water explains why this water strider doesn't sink. |
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What is the bicarbonate buffering system? |
The bicarbonate buffering system is an important buffer system in the acid-base homeostasis of living things, including humans. As a buffer, it tends to maintain a relatively constant plasma pH and counteract any force that would alter. |