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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define paradigm and the explain the 4 types |
A set of basic assumptions that outline the particular unvierse of scientific inquiry 1. Biological 2. Cognitive-Behavioural 3. Psychoanalytic 4. Humanistic |
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What's the biological paradigm? Give examples |
The perspective that mental disorders are caused by biological proccesses - Schizophrenia - Heredity predisposition - Depression - Chemical imbalance - Anxiety - ANS defects causing easy arousal - Dementia - Impairments in structures of brain |
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Define behaviour genetics, Genes, genotype, phenotype |
Study of individual differences in behaviour attributed to genetic makeup Carriers of DNA Unobservable genetic construction Totality of observable behaviour characteristics over time |
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What are the 4 methods to uncover predisposition for psychopathology inheritance? |
1. Comparisons of family members 2. Comparisons of twins 3. Investigating adoptees 4. Linkage analysis |
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Define index cases (probands), Concordance and equal environment assumption |
Collection of sample or individuals The extent that a predisposition for a mental disorder can be inherited Envrionmental factors equally influential for MZ and DZ pairs |
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Define Molecular Genetics, Allele, Genetic Polymorphism |
Specifying particular gene(s) involved in disorder and the precise function of these genes DNA codings occupying same position on chromosome Variability among members of species |
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Define Linkage analysis, Genetic Makers, Gene-environment interactions |
Studying people in which a disorder is heavily concentrated Inheritance pattern of characteristics whose genetics are fully understood Disorder/symptoms are joint product of vulnerability and specific environmental conditions/symptoms |
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Define temperament What are the 3 temperament styles of young children and adolescencents |
Differences in reactivity and self-regulation based fundamentally - Difficult child, easy child, Hard-to-warm-up child - Resilient type, overcontrolling type, undercontrolling type |
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Define neurosciene What are the 4 major parts of the neuron? |
Study of brain and nervous system 1. Cell body 2. Dentrites (short and thick) 3. Axons 4. Terminal buttons |
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What is a nerve impulse and what happens? |
Change in electrical potential in cell - Neuron stimulated, nerve impulse travels down axon to terminal endings - Synaptic vesicles release molecules, these flood synapse and diffuse toward postsynaptic neuron |
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Define synapse, neurotransmitter, receptor sites(both kinds) |
Small gap between terminal axons and and postsynaptic neuron Chemical substance allowing nerve impulse to cross synapse Cell membrane of postsynaptic cell containing proteins that configure so specific neurotransmitters can fit into them - Excitatory (stimulating) leading to creation of nerve impulse in postsynaptic neuron - Inhibitory (Stablizing) less likely to fire |
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What happens during reuptake |
Not all released neurotransmitter gets to postsynaptic receptor, so the left over is either broken down by enzymes or brought back up to the presynaptic neuron |
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What is norepenephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA |
Neurotransmitter of the PNS, produces state of high arousal - involved in anxiety disorders Neurotransmitter involved in depression Neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia Neurotransmitter inhibiting some nerve impulses |
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How are neurotransmitters synthasized in neurons? What error can occur, how is it caused, and what does it cause? |
- Amino acid - Each reaction catalyzed (speeding up process) by enzyme Too much or too little of an enzyme causes errors in metabolic pathways. This can happen when failure to reuptake leaves excess transmitter molecules in the neuron. Next impulse comes and causes a double dose |
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What is Frontostriatal circuitry in ADHD? What occurs during ADHD |
Lateral prefrontal cortex (most important), dorsal anterior cortex, cingulated cortex, caudate nucleus - Delays in cortical maturation mainly in the lateral prefrontal cortex (memory area) - Dopamine deficit |
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What 3 feaures of ADHD are amenable to collaborative neuroscientific investigationÉ |
1. Shortened delay gradients due to reward-related circuitry 2. Deficit in temporal processes result in high intrasubject intertribal variability 3. Deficits in working memory |
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Define biological paradigm What are the contemporary approaches for it |
Altering bodily functioning to prevent/treat mental disorders Making inferences about functioning of the nervous system View function and structure of brain / nervous system |
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Define Reductionism |
Reducing whatever is studied into its simplest form |
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What are the 3 types of learning? |
1. Classic conditioning (unconditional and conditionaal stimuli) 2. Operant conditioning (Positve/negative reinforcement 3. Modelling |
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What`s involved in behaviour therapy? |
Behaviour modification - operant conditioning Counter-condtioning - New response form stimuli Sysstematic desensitization - Aversive conditioning - Stimulus attractive coupled with unpleasant event Operant conditioning as an intervention - Positive reinforcement to increase behaviour |
