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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
respiration |
not simply breathing, is a complex process involving several events |
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events of respiration |
1. inspiration or inhalation- taking air in 2. exchange of O2 from air in alveoli (lung sac) to the blood to needy cells 3. O2 combines w/ hemoglobin 4. hemoglobin transports O2 to the general area of cells in need (based on bohr effect) 5. O2 is now released into blood plasma 6. plasma will now exit & carry O2 out of blood into interstital spaces 7. O2 will enter cells by diffusion 8. O2 is now utilized by needy cell in aerobic cellular respiration 9. CO2 (waste product of aerobic cellular resp.) will now diffuse into the blood & be carried back to the lungs (alveoli) 10. exchange of CO2 gas from blood to air (by diffusion) 11. expiration (exhalation) breathing out |
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3 different ways CO2 is carried |
1. 67% will be carried as part of bicarb ion 2. 25% will be carried bound to amino acid chains of hemoglobin 3. in solution not chemically combined |
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chemically ways CO2 is carried |
1. 67% will be carried as part of bicarb ion
2. 25% will be carried bound to amino acid chains of hemoglobin |
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substances found in inspired air 3 gases |
O2 CO2 N2 |
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substances in (inhaled air) |
O2 20% CO2 trace (less than 1%) N2 79% |
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substances out (exhaled air) |
O2 15% CO2 5% N2 79% |
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N2 in 79%, out 79% -though we need it, we cant use it, we get nitrogen gas from |
the food we eat |
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other substances found in inspired air |
1. dust 2. pollen 3. spores 4. pollutants (gas, solid, or liquid) |
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Nostril aka external nares |
lined w/ mucus secreting cilated epithelium *they are fringed w/ course hair |
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nasal mucus
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swallow ab 1 pint a day- nonspecific defense |
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do to air before it goes down |
*air has to be hydrated- from blood supply (vascular) * warm it - blood flow/friction (vascular) *filter it - mucus, cilia (push mucus up & back) nasal hairs, nasal conchae |
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nasal conchae
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projections of the ethmoid bone that cause the air stream to become turbulent as it goes down enhancing filtration |
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nasal septum |
composed of nasal bone & cartilage, it bilaterally separates the 2 nasal cavities |
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deviated septum
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Sideways displacement of the wall between the nostrils. interferes with all the ways air goes down
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paranasal sinus |
air filled spaces found in frontal bone, ethmoid, spinoid, & maxilla |
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purpose ofparanasal sinus |
lighten the weight of the skull * involved in the process of phonation |
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phonation
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voice production |
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sinus headache |
due to paranasal sinus-adjacent to nasal cavity lined w/ tiny mucus secreting openings..if blocked mucus keeps building within them, pressure building up and results in____ |
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pharynx AKA throat |
1.passage way for food & liquid traveling to esophagus 2. passage way for air into trachea |
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pharynx is divided into 3 regions |
1. nasopharynx- behind nasal cavities 2. oropharynx - posterior to mouth 3. laryngopharynx - surrounding openings into esophagus & trachea |
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larynx AKA adams apple |
highly cartilaginous. moves upward when you swallow causing (flap)epiglottis to come down. *contains vocal cords, involved in voice production *prevent air from leaving lower respiratory structures bc air volume maintains air pressure |
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epiglottis
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flap, prevents food & liquid from entering trachea
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high air pressure |
vomiting, weight lifting, child birth, and during defecation |
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trachea AKA wind pipe |
normally remains open *composed of 20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
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c-shaped rings of trachea |
*are closed at the front. the open end is at the posterior end ( the back) *found in the opening is a muscle with transverse fibers called the trachealis muscle |
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when contracting trachealis muscle |
the trachea constricts (change in diameter big change in pressure) time to contract these muscles sneeze and cough
can exspel air at over 100 mph |
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bronchial tree |
consists of branched air ways leading from trachea into the lungs |
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branches of bronchial tree |
1. bronchi- 2 - left & right (have same ribbed cartilaginous as trachea 2. bronchioles- they lack cartilage & a mucus secreting epithelium 3. terminal bronchioles 4. respiratory bronchioles- 5. alveoli- |
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respiratory bronchioles & alveoli
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make up a lobules where gas exchange occurs |
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blood supply for lungs |
get oxygenated blood from bronchial arteries
get deoxygenated blood from bronchial veins |
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some blood from bronchial veins is diverted to |
the pulmonary veins
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lungs |
occupying separate plural cavities. separated medially by the heart that occupies medisteinum. rest atop the diaphragm |
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each lung is covered by membrane |
The pleural membrane
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The pleural membrane
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is folded. has inner and outer portion |
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parietal pleura |
outer portion. lines inside rib cage |
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pulmonary (visceral) pleura |
inner portion |
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pleura cavity |
space between |
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surface tension |
water attraction the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area. |
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2 things to make pressure go down |
1. contract external intercostal muscle -causes ribs to move up & out 2. diaphragm contracts (moves down) |
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surfactant |
lungs secret a chemical _________ to reduce surface tension with in alveoli & prevent their collasps if a new born doesnt breathe, they are given this |
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pleurisy |
inflammation of plueral membranes resulting in coughing, fever, & very painful respiration |
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alveoli |
walls are composed of simple squamous epithelium, thru these walls ans walls of blood capillaries (gas exchange) need massive surface area-get it bc extensive network of aleoli capillaries
*with every breath you take gases move across surface area size of tennis court |
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lungs also produce a portion of |
amniotic fluid
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dust cells |
fixed macrophages associated with alveoli |
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bc of the presents of macrophages of alveoli |
tiny blood clots are filtered (destoryed) |
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inspiration is |
an active process- means there has to be control of it *neural control *autonomic *located in brain stem- more specific medulla |
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2 autonomic reflex control center in the medulla |
1. inspiratory area of the medulla- sends impulse that last 2 seconds thru the vegus nerves (cranial nerve pair #10 x) to internal intercostal and the diaphragm causing (the drawing) 2. expiratory area of the medulla- does nothing during normally quite respiration. bc its passive-we dont need it **only becomes active during forced expiration (you can breath out more air than you normally do) |
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pneumotaxic area
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in the pons. its job is to tell inspiratory area to stop @ the end of 2 seconds thereby preventing over inflation |
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hering breuer reflex |
involves stretch sensory receptors in the walls of the bronchi & bronchioles that also send impulses thru cranial nerve pair #10 (vegus) to inspiratory area telling it to stop |
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if everything goes as it should |
hemoglobin/blood will be completely saturated/filled with O2 when it leaves the alveoli |
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2 things that determine things go as they should |
1. perfusion 2. ventilation |
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perfusion
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renewal of blood within the alveoli capillaries |
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ventilation
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renewal of air within the alveoli capillaries
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perfusion is the one that |
our body prefers to control controlled by constriction or dilation of arterioles leading into alveoli capillaries |
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if perfusion is too slow
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time is wasted while needy cells need |
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if perfusion is too fast
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does not become completely saturated |
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hyperventilation |
rapid breathing. -it does not/can not increase O2 saturation of blood -instead of more O2 in, you are taking more CO2 out |
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respiratory alkalosis
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when hyperventilating blood becomes basic is a disturbance in acid and base balance due to alveolar hyperventilation. Alveolar hyperventilation leads to a decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide |
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the magnitude of the bohr effect is reduced bc |
blood becomes more alkaline causing hemoglobin to hang on to O2 longer |
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widespread vasodilation |
blood vessels dilate decrease in BP- can cause you to pass out |
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apnea |
temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep.
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cheyne stokes respiration |
periods of hyperventilation alternating periods of apnea |
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the death rattle |
common name of cheyne stokes respiration- often heard in persons just before death |
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the cilia mucus escalator
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refers to the mechanism that we utilize to move mucus from lower respiratory structures up the throat where it is then swallowed |
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lower layer of the cilia mucus escalator |
sal- is fluid |
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upper layer of the cilia mucus escalator |
gel- sticky, water insoluble mucus |
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effects of altitude on respiration
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as altitude increases barometric pressure (air pressure) decreases |
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decompression sickness AKA the bends |
a rapid decrease in barometric pressure. nitrogen gas bubbles out of the blood but it cant be exhaled fast enough & bubbles block capillaries-dizzy, pain, paralysis, death |
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nitrogen narcosis
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when down too long, nitrogen builds up in blood & lipid membranes of neurons-reduces their excitability & produces the feeling of euphoria |
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inspiratory reserve volume |
volume of air that can be forcibly inspired above normal (normal breath, then deeper breath) |
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tidal volume |
max volume of air in the lungs during normal quite respiration |
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expiratory reserve volume |
volume of air that can be forcibly expired above normal the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration |
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residual volume
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lung volume representing the amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation
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vital capacity
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total volume that can be moved in & out =inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume |
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dead space |
surface area of respiratory passage ways not involved in gas exchange |