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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
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Tidal volume (TV)
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Air that can be inspired forceibly beyond the tidal volume.
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration.
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration.
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Residual Volume (RV)
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Total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration. (IRV - TV)
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Inspiratory capacity (IC)
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The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration. (RV-ERV)
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Functional residual capacity (FRC)
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The total amount of exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)
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Vital Capacity (VC)
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Sum of all lung volumes
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Total lung capacity (TLC)
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Volume of the conducting respiratory passages is known as?
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Anatomical dead space
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Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
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Alveolar dead space
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Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
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Total dead space
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An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function
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Spirometer
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What two things can spirometry distinguish between?
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1. Obstructive pulmonary disease
2. Restrictive Disorders |
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What disease has increased air resistance?
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Obstructive pulmonary disease
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What disorder shows a reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes?
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Restrictive disorders
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Total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
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Total ventilation
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Gas forcibly expelled after taking a breath
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Forced vital capacity (FVC)
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Increases in TLR, FRC & RV may occur as a result of what disease?
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Obstructive Disease
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Reduction in VC, TLC, FRC, and RV result from what disease?
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Restrictive disease
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Measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
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Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
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AVR (ml/min) = frequency (breaths/min) X (TV-deadspace) (ml/breath)
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Alveolar Ventilation Rate
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Slow, deep breathing (increases/decreases) _______ AVR and rapid, shallow breathing (increases/decreases) ________ AVR.
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Increases
Decreases |
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Most nonrespiratory air movements result from -
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reflex action
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Some examples of nonrespiratory air movement reflex actions ~
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coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccupping, and yawning
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Daltons Law
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each ____________. |
gas in the mixture
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Daltons Law
The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its ~ |
percentage in the mixture
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Henry's Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in porportion to it's _________. |
partial pressure
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The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon it's ______
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solubility
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What is the most soluble gas?
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carbon dioxide
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_______ is 1/20th as soluble as carbon dioxide?
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Oxygen
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__________ is practically insoluble in plasma.
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Nitrogen
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The atmosphere is mostly oxygen and nitrogen, while alveoli contain more _______ and ________.
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carbon dioxide and water
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The differences in the composition of alveolar gas result from ~
1. 2. 3. |
1. Gas exchanges in the lungs. (Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli)
2. Humidification - of air by conducting passages. 3. The mixing of alveolar gases that occurs with each breath. |
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What factors influence the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane?
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1. partial pressure gradiants and gas solubilities.
2. matching of alveolar ventilation and plumonary blood perfusion 3. Structural characteristics of the repiratory membrane |
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The amount of gas reaching the alveoli is known as
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Ventilation
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The action of blood flow reaching the alveoli is called ~
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perfusion
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Ventilation and perfusion must be tightly regulated for ______________.
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efficient gas exchange
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The servicing areas where alveolar carbon dioxide is low (constrict/dilate) _________.
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constrict
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Repiratory membrances are only 0.5 to 1 pm thick, allowing for ____________.
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efficient gas exchange
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Respiratory membranes will thicken if lungs become waterlogged and edematous, whereby gas exchange is(adequate/inadequate) _____ and oxygen deprivation results
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inadequate
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Decrease in surface area with emphysema, when walls of adjacent alveoli ________.
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break through
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Molecular oxygen is carried in the _______.
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blood
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Molecular oxygen carried in the blood is bound to __________ within red blood cells.
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hemoglobin (Hb)
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Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood and is dissolved in ________.
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plasma
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Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms ~
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1. Dissolved in plasma
2. Chemically bound to hemoglobin 3. Bicoardonate ion in plasma (MOST) |
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Carbon dioxide diffuses into RBS's and combines with water to form ______.
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Carbonic acid
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Bicarbonate quickly diffuses from RBC's into the ______.
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plasma
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In order to counterbalance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBC's, chloride ions (Cl-) move from the plasma into the erythrocytes is known as the _________.
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The chloride shift
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Gasping for breath causes ~
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acidosis
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Changes in respiratory rate can cause what two things?
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1. it can alter blood Ph
2. Provide a fast-acting system to adjust Ph when it is disturbed by metabolic factors |
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Medullary Repiratory Center
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG), or inspiratory center is known as the _____________. |
Pacesetting respiratory center
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What center is known as the pacesetting respiratory center?
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Dorsal repiratory group (DRG) or inspiratory center - which is part of the Medullary Respiratory Center which controls respiration
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What center controls respiration?
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The Medullary RespiratoryCenters
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What respiratory group is involved in forced inspiration and expiration?
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The Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
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What center influences and modifies activity of the medullary centers?
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Pons
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What center smooths out inspiration and expiration transitions and vice versa?
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Pons
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___________ is determined by how actively the respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles.
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Inspiratory depth
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__________ is determined by how long the inspiratory center is active.
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Rate of respiration
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Respiratory centers located in these two areas are sensitive to both excitatory and inhibitory stimuli.
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pons and medulla
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The ______ acts thru the limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration?
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hypothalamic
ex: breathing faster due to fear |
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A rise in body temperature acts to (increase/decrease) respiratory rate.
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increase
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What controls are direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medually controls.
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Cortical controls
ex: voluntary breath holding, taking a deep breath |
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Changes in Pco2 levels are monitored by ____________ of the brain stem
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chemoreceptors
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In what fluid does carbon dioxide diffuse to and is hydrated?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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Pco2 levels rise resulting in increased depth and rate of breathing. This causes
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hypercapnia
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Important fact:
CO2 is more important than 02. |
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What causes hyperventilation?
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increased depth and rate of breathing
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Increased depth and rate of breathing causes ~
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hyperventilation
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What happens during hyperventilation?
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carbon dioxide is quickly flushed from the blood
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What causes hypoventilation?
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slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pco2 levels.
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Slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pco2 levels causes?
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hypoventilation
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What is apnea?
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breathing cessation - may occur until Pco2 levels rise
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What oxygen levels are monitored by the aortic and carotid bodies?
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Arterial
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What is COPD?
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obstructive pulmonary disease
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COPD is exemplified by ~
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chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema
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Patients with a COPD have a history of what
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smoking
Dyspnea, where labored breathing occurs and gets progressively worse Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections |
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Dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness are characteristics of ~
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asthma
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Airway inflammation is an ______ response.
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immune
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Squamous cell carcinoma arises in
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bronchial epithelium
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Adenocarcinoma orginiates in
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peripheral lung area
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Small cell carcinoma contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the _____ and subsequently metastasize.
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bronchi
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Hypercapnia occurs in response to ~
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Hyperventilation
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Apnea occurs in response to
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Hypoventilation
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