Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is sperm produced?
|
testes
|
|
What hormone is critical for sperm development and physical features?
|
testosterone
|
|
Where does sperm mature?
|
Epididymis (duct)
|
|
What duct takes sperm to the urethra?
|
Vas deferens
|
|
Which accessory gland secretes fructose?
|
Seminal vesicle
|
|
Which accessory gland secretes an alkaline substance?
|
Prostate gland (where vas deferens joins urethra)
|
|
Which accessory gland secretes mucus?
|
Bulbourethral gland
*all glands make components that compose seminal fluid |
|
What is the scrotum?
|
skin sac
|
|
What does the penis consist of?
|
erectile tissue
- corpus cavernosa -corpus spongiosa |
|
Major difference between male & female reproductive systems:
|
in females, the urethra never comes in contact with any reproductive activity.
in males, the urethra is for sperm ejaculation and urination |
|
Exocrine glands of the testes contain what?
|
sperm, made in the seminiferous tubules.
|
|
Endocrine glands of the testes contain what?
|
testosterone, from the interstitial or Leydig cells
|
|
Why are testes in a scrotum?
|
they need to be at a cooler temperature to produce viable sperm.
|
|
What is cryptorchidism?
|
Failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum
|
|
What part of sperm is like a key for the zona pellucida?
|
The acrosome. It penetrates the egg and it is species specific.
|
|
What part of sperm provides energy production?
|
mitochondria (mid-piece)
|
|
What part of sperm provides motility?
|
Tail
|
|
What is a function of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule?
|
it is important because it keeps body fluids from entering tubule. Anitbodies in blood plasma would destroy sperm.
|
|
3 Major Steps of sperm cell development:
|
1) Mitotic division
2) First Meiotic division 3) Second Meiotic division |
|
Mitotic division of sperm development
|
Mother diploid produces 2 primary diploid spermatocytes
|
|
First Meiotic division
|
diploid mother cell divides to form 2 haploid daughter cells- secondary spermatocytes
|
|
Second Meiotic division
|
secondary spermatocytes divide to form 2 haploids each- spermatid. Not truly meiosis.
|
|
What is the epidiymis?
|
Site of sperm cell maturation
|
|
What is the vas deferens?
|
where sperm pass from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity
|
|
What is the urethra (duct)?
|
Extends from urinary bladder to distal end of penis.
Passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids |
|
Three columns of erectile tissue in the penis.
|
Corpora cavernosa (2)
Corpus spongiosum (1) |
|
Where do the ducts from the accessory glands feed into?
|
the urethra
|
|
What do the accessory glands do?
|
supplement sperm to keep it viable while it travels through female reproductive tract.
|
|
Seminal Vesicles (access gland)
|
produces FRUCTOSE for energy
|
|
Prostate Gland (access gland)
|
Provide alkaline secretion to buffer pH when it enters acidic female reproductive tract
|
|
Bulbourethral glands (access gland)
|
produces mucus to keep semen together
|
|
Ejaculation
|
forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
|
|
Effects of testosterone
|
1) negative feedback loop
2) provides secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, voice, etc) 3) along with sertoli cells, it is responsible for spermatogenesis |
|
What to know about testosterone & puberty.
|
BEFORE puberty: small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release
DURING puberty: Increase in GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH, LH, and increase testosterone |
|
How an erection is controlled with Nitric Oxide (Part 1)
|
1) In neuron, NO synthase produces NO
2) Travel to smooth muscle 3)In muscle, NO activate guanylate cyclase |
|
How an erection is controlled with Nitric Oxide (Part 2)
|
4) Production on cGMP (2nd messgr)
5) Indirectly causes relaxation of smooth muscle then causes vasodialation |
|
What do erection drugs effect?
|
Allow cyclical GMP to last longer, the enzyme that breaks down cGMP is neutralized.
|
|
Ovaries
|
Produce estrogen & progesterone and gamete (egg)
|
|
Uterine/fallopian tubes
|
where fertilization occurs
|
|
Uterus
|
Where development of fetus occurs
|
|
Vagina
|
highly elastic to accommodate head of fetus.
|
|
External genital organs include....
|
clitoris
|
|
perimetrium
|
serosa membrane that prevents friction on internal organs by lubricating it.
|
|
Myometrium
|
smooth muscle
important for contractions |
|
endometrium
|
epithelial layer
necessary for implantation |
|
Which part of the birth canal has the narrowest diameter?
|
The cervix
|
|
Ectopic pregnancy
|
implantation outside of uterus
|
|
perimetrium
|
serosa membrane that prevents friction on internal organs by lubricating it.
|
|
When does an oocyte become fully mature?
|
when a sperm contacts the egg
|
|
Myometrium
|
smooth muscle
important for contractions |
|
uterus vs. vagina
|
uterus is more structural, stronger tissue than the vagina
|
|
endometrium
|
epithelial layer
necessary for implantation |
|
Where is milk produced in the breast?
|
In the lobes and then it is released into the lactiferous sinus.
There are many sinuses and many ducts |
|
Which part of the birth canal has the narrowest diameter?
|
The cervix
|
|
When does puberty begin in females (what happens)?
|
it begins when GnRH levels increase
|
|
Ectopic pregnancy
|
implantation outside of uterus
|
|
Amenorrhea
|
absence of menstral cycle due to lack of fat or no production of sex steroids from ovaries
|
|
When does an oocyte become fully mature?
|
when a sperm contacts the egg
|
|
uterus vs. vagina
|
uterus is more structural, stronger tissue than the vagina
|
|
Where is milk produced in the breast?
|
In the lobes and then it is released into the lactiferous sinus.
There are many sinuses and many ducts |
|
When does puberty begin in females (what happens)?
|
it begins when GnRH levels increase
|
|
Amenorrhea
|
absence of menstral cycle due to lack of fat or no production of sex steroids from ovaries
|
|
Menopause
|
Cessation of menstral cycles. Ovaries don't produce enough estrogen
|
|
Which part of the menstral cycle has positive feedback?
|
Ovulation
|
|
Hormonal changes during pregnancy: 1st Trimester vs. 3rd Trimester
|
1st Tri: Placenta produces high levels of HCG to maintain pregnancy. Ovaries produce E2 & P4
3rd Tri: Placenta produces more E2 & P4 and less HCG |
|
Progesterone is higher throughout the pregnancy until when?
|
Until the very end, possibly causes parturition.
|