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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Merocrine: how it releases product and locations
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- most glands
- Cells release their products by exocytosis -saliva, digestive enzymes (pancreatic), sweat |
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Apocrine: how it releases products and locations
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-Upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies releasing -products
- Smelly sweat glands, (perhaps mammary glands?) |
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Holocrine: how it releases products and locations
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- Whole cells die and rupture to release their products
- sebaceous glands (oil) |
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‘-Blast’ type cells
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retain ability to divide and produce matrix (fibrobloasts, chonroblasts and osteoblasts)
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‘-Cyte’ type cells
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mature cells that can’t dvide or produce matrix (chondrocytes and osteocytes)
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Macrophages: function
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Engulf bacteria and derbis by phagocytosis
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Plasma cells: function
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Produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances
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Mast cells: function
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Produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances
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Adipocytes: function
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Fat cells; store fat
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Ground Substance in Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix: function and composition
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- Supports cells and fibers
- Helps determine the consistency of the matrix (fluid, gel or solid) - Contains large organic molecules - Complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins |
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Function and Types of Fibers in Connective Tissue of Extracellular Matrix
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- Strengthen and support connective tissue
- Collagen - Elastic - Reticular |
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Collagen Fiber: properties
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tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable (25% of fiber in body)
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Elastic Fiber: properties and composition
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- strong; can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape
- made of elastin with an outer covering of fibrillin |
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Reticular Fiber: properties and composition
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- thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
- made of collagen |
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Classification of Connective Tissues
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-Embryonic
-Mature |
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Classification of Embryonic Connective Tissues
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- Mesenchyme
- Mucous |
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Classification of Mature Connective Tissues
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- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue - Cartilage - Bone - Liquid connective tissue |
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Mesenchyme: structure and function
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- Embryonic
- Cells are irregularly shaped - ground substance: semifluid with reticular fibers - gives rise to all other types of connective tissues |
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Mucous: structure and function
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- Embryonic
- Star shaped cells - jelly-like ground substance - only found in umbilical cord |
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Loose Connective Tissues: structure and types
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- Mature
- Loosely woven fibers between cells - areolar connective tissue - adipose tissue - reticular tissue |
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Areolar: structure and function
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- Loose Connective
- Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes - Fibers – elastic fibers, collagen fibers - Ground substance – chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate - Widely distributed in body – found in adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer that attaches skin to tissues and organs |
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Adipose: structure and function
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- Loose connective
- Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet (triglycerides) Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection - Found in deeper layers of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow - Found wherever areolar c.t. is found - White adipose tissue - Brown adipose tissue - Liposuction |
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White adipose
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- a lot found in adults
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Brown adipose
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- a lot of mitochondria that cause brown colour
- good blood supply, generates more heat than white adipose - good temperature regulation - a lot found in newborns |
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Reticular: structure and function
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- Loose connective
- Network of reticular fibers and reticular cells - Produces supporting framework (stroma) of organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) - Also filters blood (spleen); lymph (lymph nodes) |
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Dense Connective Tissues: structure and types
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- More fibers, thicker and denser
- Fewer cells - Dense regular connective tissue - Dense irregular connective tissue - Elastic connective tissue |
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Difference between ligaments and tendons
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- Ligaments attach to bones
- Tendons attach to mucles |
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue: structure and function
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- Fibers: collagen fibers in parallel bundles
- Cells: fibroblasts - White, tough and pliable - Withstands pulling along length of fibers (provides strong attachment) - Tendons and ligaments |
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: structure and function
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- Fibers: collagen, irregularly arranged (interwoven)
- Cells: Fibroblasts - Tissue can resist tension from any direction - Very tough tissue – white of eyeball, dermis of skin, periosteum |
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Elastic Connective Tissue: structure and function
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- Dense connective tissue
- Fibers: branching elastic fibers - Cells: fibroblasts - Can stretch and still return to original shape - Lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae |
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Cartilage: structure and types
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- Network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
- Resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue - Types of cartilage: Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage |
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Hyaline: structure and function
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- cartilage
- Bluish-shiny white ground substance with fine collagen fibers - Chondrocytes in lacunae - No blood vessels or nerves - repair is very slow - Reduces friction at joints; also found on anterior ends of ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi - Also found in embryonic and fetal skeleton |
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Fibrocartilage: structure and function
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- Many more collagen fibers
- Strongest type of cartilage - Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci (cartilage pads in knee) |
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Elastic Cartilage
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- Elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations
- External ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis |
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Bone (Osseous) Tissue: function and types
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- Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals (calcium, phosphorus), site of blood cell formation (red marrow), stores triglycerides (yellow marrow).
- Types: Compact bone Spongy bone |
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Compact Bone: structure and function
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-Osteon = lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix:
Calcium and phosphate – provides hardness; Interwoven collagen fibers – provides strength - Osteocytes in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae - Canaliculi (tiny canals) connect cell to cell |
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Spongy Bone: structure and function
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- Sponge-like with spaces and trabeculae
trabeculae = struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow no osteons -Trabeculae contain: lamallae, osteocytes, lacanae and canaliculi |
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Liquid Connective Tissue: Blood...structure and function
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- Liquid matrix = the plasma
- Cell types = red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and cell fragments called platelets - Provide clotting, immune functions, carry O2 and CO2 |
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Liquid Connective Tissue: Lymph... structure and function
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- Extracellular fluid transported in lymphatic vessels
- Several cell types in liquid extracellular matrix - Contains less protein than blood plasma - Composition of lymph differs from one part of the body to another |
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Membranes: structure and types
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- Flat sheets of flexible tissue covering or lining a part of the body
- Epithelial membranes - Synovial membranes |
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Epithelial membrane types
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- Epithelial layer + connective tissue layer:
Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous membrane |
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Synovial membranes structure and function
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- Connective tissue but no epithelium
- line joints |
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Mucous Membranes: structure and function
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- Epithelial membrane
- Lines a body cavity that opens to the outside ex. mouth, vagina, anus etc. - Epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes - Tight junctions between cells - Mucous is secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist |
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Serous Membranes: structure and function
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- Epithelial membrane
- Simple squamous cells overlying loose CT layer - Squamous cells secrete serous fluid - Lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside such as chest or abdominal cavity |
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Cutaneous Membranes: structure and function
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- Epithelial membrane
- Skin – covers entire body surface - Made up of epidermis and dermis: Epidermis- keratinized, stratified, squamous epethelium (protection) Dermis – connective tissue (areolar, dense irregular) |
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Synovial Membranes: structure and function
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- Line joint cavities of all freely movable joints
- No epithelial cells - just special cells (synoviocytes) that secrete slippery fluid (synovial fluid) |
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Muscle: function and types
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- Elongated cells (muscle fibres) that shorten
- Provide us with motion, posture and heat - Types of muscle: skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle |
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Skeletal Muscle: structure and function
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- Cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei
- Visible light and dark banding (looks striated) - Voluntary or conscious control |
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Cardiac Muscle: structure and function
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- Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei
- Involuntary and striated - Attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomes |
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Smooth Muscle: structure and function
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- Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
- Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder) - Involuntary and nonstriated |
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Nerve Tissue: structure and function
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- Cell types:
nerve cells neuroglial (supporting) cells - Nerve cell structure: nucleus and long cell processes conduct nerve signals dendrite axon |