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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The basic structure and functional unit of the human body is
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cell
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the smallest living unit in the human body
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cells
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the study of structure of individual cells
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cytology
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Fluid medium inside the cell
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cytoplasm
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watery component of cytoplasm
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cytosol
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the principal cations in our body fluids are
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sodium and postasium
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Where do we find a higher concentration of proteins? in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?
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intracellular
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is extracellular fluid responsible for the storage of proteins or is it used as a transport medium only?
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transport medium
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name the other two names of cell membrane? is the cell wall considered the cell membrane
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plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane ; No
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Functions of cell membrane
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separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
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classifications of organells
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Chloroplast Cilia Flagella Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosome Golgi body Cytoskeleton Nucleus Nucleoli Ribosomes Mitochondria Vacuoles Cell Wall Chromosomes Cell Membrane |
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Membraneus organells
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Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, vacuoles, vesicles, and plastids
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Nonmembranous
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Ribosomes, Cytoskeletal Structures, Centrioles, and Basal Bodies
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function of each organelle
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centrioles
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is a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells. makes up centrosome
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all animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair of
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centrioles
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during cell division the centrioles form a spindle apparatus associated with the movement of
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DNA strands
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function of microvilli
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absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction
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function of cilia
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produce movement
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RER
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containing ribosomes that give its surface an uneven appearance, involved in the synthesis of proteins in plant and animal cells
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SER
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is tubular in form (rather than sheet-like) and lacks ribosomes.
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a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes are
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Golgi appartatus
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This organelle typically functions to carry proteins within the cell and out of the cell. Its' function is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the cellular endoplasmic reticulum for storage within the cell and the secretion to the exterior of the cell. forms lysosomes
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which components of cytoskeleton are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division
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microtubules
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membrane lipids
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phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol
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characteristics of phospholipids
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They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of amponents are joined together by a glycerol molecule.
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membrane protein functions
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1. Anchors 2. Identifiers 3. Enzymes 4. Receptors 5. Carriers 6. Channels |
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nucleus |
the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth
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nuclear envelope
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two layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which separates the nucleus from other cell organelles
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carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates often attach to the external surface of integral proteins. These carbohydrates may hold adjoining cells together or act as sites where viruses or chemical messengers such as hormones can attach.
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glycolax
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is a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia and other cells.uses to distinguish between its own healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased cells, or invading organisms
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the cells DNA is located in the
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mitochondrion
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location and number of chromosomes
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centromere, 23 pairs or 46
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chromatin
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complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA. The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, 2) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication.
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nucleoli
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small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.
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movement of materials across cell membrane
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passive and active
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diffusion
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movement of a substance down a concentration gradient
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the movement of oxygen from a high concentration area to a low concentration are is
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diffusion
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osmosis
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spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides
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facilitated diffusion
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process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins
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carrier mediated transport
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Movement of substances across the plasma membrane by protein carrier molecules (integral membrane protein) --used when molecule cannot cross membrane or crosses very slowly --protein carrier molecules are embedded in lipid, and have site which specifically binds the molecules --binding of the molecule to the site promotes a conformational change in protein carrier, resulting in transport of molecule across membrane. Channel is never formed
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hypotonic solution
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Less solutes, more water Cell - More solutes, less water
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hypertonic solution
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More solutes, less water Cell - Less solutes, more water
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isotonic solution
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Equal" solutes, "equal" water Cell - "Equal" solutes, "equal" water
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crentation
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contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis
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hemolysis
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rupturing of erythrocytes and the release of their contents into surrounding fluid
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apoptosis
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cell death
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vesicular transport, is it an active transport
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is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules (transporter substrates) across a vesicular membrane. Yes |
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types of vesicular transport
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(1) isolation of yeast mutants that are defective in protein transport and sorting; (2) reconstitution of vesicular transport in cell-free systems; and (3) biochemical analysis of synaptic vesicles, which are responsible for the regulated secretion of neurotransmitters by neurons.
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exocytosis
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form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them in an energy-using process.
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endocytosis
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active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking, fluid endocytosis, and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles
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phagocytosis
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engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome.
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meiosis
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cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes
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mitosis
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part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus.
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mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to
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germ cells
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What is interphase? |
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell
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prophase
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is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible
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metaphase
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eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells
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anaphase
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the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.
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telophase
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the final stage of mitosis (or the phase in which cells split apart), cell division is finishing up. The cell membrane closes, creating two separate cells.
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cytokinesis
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process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells
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describe the characteristics of a daughter cell
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Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes
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