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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the structure of purine? |
Purine has a 6 member carbon ring with an additional 5 carbon ring to the right for a total of 9 carbons |
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What is the structure of pyrimidine? |
A 6 member carbon ring |
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What are adenine and guanine classified as? |
Purines in both DNA and RNA |
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What are pyrimidines found in DNA? |
Cytosine and thymine |
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What are pyrimidines found in RNA? |
Cytosine and uracil |
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What are nucleotides? |
Building blocks of nucleic acids |
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How many nitrogenous bases do nucleic acids have? |
Five Purines: 2 examples Pyrimidines: 3 examples |
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What makes up a nucleoside? |
Base + sugar |
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What makes up a nucleotide? |
Base + sugar + phosphate |
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If adenine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)? |
Nucleoside: Adenosine Nucleotide: Adenosine Monophosphate |
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If guanine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)? |
Nucleoside: Guanosine Nucleotide: Guanosine Monophosphate |
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If thymine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)? |
Nucleoside: Thymidine Nucleotide: Thymidine Monophosphate |
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If cytosine is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)? |
Nucleoside: Cytidine Nucleotide: Cytidine Monophosphate |
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If uracil is the base, what is the nucleoside and nucleotide (example using monophosphate)? |
Nucleoside: Uridine Nucleotide: Uridine Monophosphate |
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How do nucleotides link (not the bond name)? |
Via sugar in a phosphodiester backbone |
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What bonds link nucleotides? |
Phosphodiester bonds |
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How are nucleotide sequences read? |
5' to 3' |
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Nucleotides can be fused with vitamins, for what cause? |
To form molecules that aid in enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
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DNA forms what type of helix? |
A double helix |
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T or F: DNA strands are parallel |
False |
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How do adenine and thymine bond? |
Adenine and thymine bind and form 2 H-bonds |
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How do guanine and cytosine bond? |
Guanine and cytosine bind and form 3 H-bonds |
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T or F: Base pair width is different within a given conformation of DNA |
False |
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What is Chargaff's rule? |
The amount of A + G = C + T |
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What does adenine form base pairs with? |
Thymine and uracil |
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What does guanine form base pairs with?
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Cytosine |
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What must base pairs contain? |
A purine and a pyrimidine |
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What three primary forces stabilize DNA? |
1. Predominant force 2. Hydrogen bonding 3. Ionic interactions |
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What predominant forces play a role in stabilizing DNA? |
Entropy (hydrophobic effect), and base stacking (Van der Waals interactions between bases) |
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How does hydrogen bonding play a role in stabilizing DNA? |
Between the bases |
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How do ionic interactions play a role in stabilizing DNA? |
Cations (e.g. Mg2+, Na+, K+) and polyamines |
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What are sequences of DNA? |
Genes |
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What does transcription do? |
Converts DNA into RNA |
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What does translation do? |
Makes proteins from an RNA template |
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T or F: Transcription of DNA is critical to life |
True |
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T or F: Cells can still thrive is transcription is shut down |
False |
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What does RNA polymerase, along with other molecules, do? |
Unwinds and separates dsDNA at the position where transcription occurs |
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What is RNA transcript complementary to? |
The antisense (noncoding) strand |
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What does translation result in? |
Protein synthesis |
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Where does translation occur? |
In the ribosome, which contains rRNA and many other proteins |
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What does tRNA do during translation? |
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and binds to its complement in the mRNA template |
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What directs amino acids? |
The Genetic Code |
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What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do? |
Encodes for polypeptide sequences |
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What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do? |
Carries amino acids to the ribosome |
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What are two characteristics of tRNA? |
tRNA is single-stranded and forms unique conformations |
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What is the duty of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? |
Aids in polypeptide synthesis |
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What is roughly correlated with genome size? |
Organismal complexity |
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T or F: Organismal complexity arises also from how genes are transcribed and translated into proteins |
True |
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What are the gene number and genome size of humans? |
Genome size = 3,102,000 kb Number of genes = ~21,000 1000 bp = 1 kb |
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T or F: Genomic DNA cannot be linked to disease |
False |
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About how many sites does the DNA of two individuals differ? |
3,000,000 sites ( or 1/1000 base pairs) |
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How are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied? |
Studied to look for correlations with disorders such as cardiovascular disease |
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Which disease is associated with 39 SNPs? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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How many SNPs are associated with Crohn's disease? |
71 SNPs |