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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The terminal outlet of the GI tract.
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Anus
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A narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the colon that stores lymph cells.
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Appendix
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Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues.
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Arteries
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A portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time.
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Bolus
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A word ending denoting an enzyme. The word beginning often identifies the compounds the enzyme works on.
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-ase
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An alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice. (Bicarbonate is also produced in all cell fluids from the dissociation of carbonic acid to help maintain the body's acid-base balance.)
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Bicarbonate
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An emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed.
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Bile
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Small vessels that branch from an artery. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across capillary walls.
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Capillaries
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates.
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Carbohydrase
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The sphincter muscle at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach (also called the lower esophageal sphincter.)
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Cardiac Sphincter
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A compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process.
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Catalyst
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A hormone produced by cells of the intestinal wall. Target organ: the gallbladder. Response: release of bile and slowing of GI motility.
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum.
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Chyme
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The lower portion of the intestine that completes the digestive process; its segments are the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.
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Colon
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Tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine.
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Crypts
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The process by which food is broken down into absorbable units.
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Digestion
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Proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds.
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Digestive Enzymes
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All the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food.
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Digestive System
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The top portion of the small intestine.
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Duodenum
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A substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing of oils and fats in a watery solution.
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Emulsifier
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Glands that secrete their materials into the blood.
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Endocrine Glands
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Gastrointestinal hormones; specifically, any hormone that slows motility and inhibits gastric secretions.
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Enterogastrones
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Cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows.
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Epiglottis
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A sphincter muscle at the upper or lower end of the esophagus.
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Esophageal Sphincter
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The food pipe; the conduit from the mouth to the stomach.
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Esophagus
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Glands that secrete their materials into the digestive tract or onto the surface of the skin.
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Exocrine Glands
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Waste matter discharged from the colon; also called stools.
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Feces
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Bacteria in the intestines; also called microflora.
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Flora
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The organ that stores and concentrates bile. When it receives the signal that fat is present in the duodenum, the gallbladder contracts and squirts bile through the bile duct into the duodenum.
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Gallbladder
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Exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach.
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Gastric Glands
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The digestive secretion of the gastric glands of the stomach.
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Gastric Juice
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A hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall. Target organ: the glands of the stomach. Response: secretion of gastric acid.
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Gastrin
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The digestive tract. The principle organs are the stomach and intestines.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
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A cell or group of cells that secretes materials for special uses in the body.
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Gland
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Cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus.
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Goblet Cells
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Hepatic Portal Vein
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The vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver.
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The vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and returns it to the heart.
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Hepatic Vein
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The maintenance of constant internal conditions (such as blood chemistry, temperature, and blood pressure) by the body's control systems. A homeostatic system is constantly reacting to external forces to maintain limits set by the body's needs.
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Homeostasis
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Chemical messengers. Hormones are secreted by a variety of glands in response to altered conditions in the body. Each hormone travels to one or more specific target tissues or organs, where it elicits a specific response to maintain homeostasis.
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Hormones
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An acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms (HCl), normally produced by the gastric glands.
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Hydrochloric Acid
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A chemical reaction in which a major reactant is split into two products, with the addition of a hydrogen atom (H) to one and a hydroxyl group (OH) to the other (from water, H2O). (The noun is hydrolysis; the verb is hydrolyze.)
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Hydrolysis
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The sphincter separating the small and large intestines.
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Ileocecal Valve
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The last segment of the small intestine.
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Ileum
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The first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum.
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Jejunum
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The lower portion of intestine that completes the digestive process; its segments are the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon; also called colon.
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Large Intestine
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids (fats).
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Lipase
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The organ that manufacturers bile.
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Liver
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The space within a vessel, such as the intestine.
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Lumen
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A clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets. Lymph from the GI tract transports fat and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels.
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Lymph
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A loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart. The GI part of the lymphatic system carries the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream.
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Lymphatic System
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Tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells; singular microvillus.
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Microvilli
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The ability of the GI tract muscles to move.
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Motility
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A slippery substance secreted cells of the GI lining (and other body linings) that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents). The lining of the GI tract with its coat of mucus is a mucous membrane.
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Mucus
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A gland that secretes digestive enzymes and juices into the duodenum. The pancreas also secretes hormones that help to maintain glucose homeostasis.
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Pancreas
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The exocrine secretion of the pancreas, containing enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as well as bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent. The juice flows from the pancreas into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct. (The pancreas also has an endocrine function, the secretion of insulin and other hormones.)
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Pancreatic Juice
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Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.
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Peristalsis
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The unit of measure expressing a substance's acidity or alkalinity.
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pH
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The passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively.
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Pharynx
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Living microorganisms found in foods that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health.
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Probiotics
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins.
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Protease
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The circular muscle that separates the stomach from the small intestine and regulates the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine; also called pylorus or pyloric valve.
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Pyloric Sphincter
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The muscular terminal part of the intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus.
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Rectum
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A backward flow.
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Reflux
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The secretion of the salivary glands. Its principle enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion.
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Saliva
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Exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth.
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Salivary Glands
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A hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall. Target organ: the pancreas. Response: secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice.
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Secretin
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A periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles.
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Segmentation
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A 10-foot of small-diameter intestine that is the major site of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients; its segments are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
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Small Intestine
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A circular muscle surrounding, and able to close, a body opening. Sphincters are found at specific points along the GI tract and regulate the flow of food particles.
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Sphincter
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A muscular, elastic, saclike portion of the digestive tract that grinds and churns swallowed food, mixing it with acid and enzymes to form chyme.
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Stomach
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Waste matter discharged from the colon; also called feces.
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Stools
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The vein that provides passageway from the lymphatic system to the vascular system.
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Subclavian Vein
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The main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein.
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Thoracic Duct
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The air passageway from the larynx to the lungs; also called the windpipe.
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Trachea
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Vessels that carry blood to the heart.
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Veins
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Fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine; singular villus.
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Villi
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Milk product that results from the fermentation of lactic acid in milk by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.
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Yogurt
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