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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List Characteristics that distinguish fungi from memberes of other multicellular kingdoms
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Cell wall of chitin
release exoenzymes absorb nutrition |
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Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients
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they aquire their absorption by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surrounding which break down complex molecules into smaller molecules
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Describe the processes of plasmogamy and karyogamy in fungi
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Plasmogany- the union of cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
karyogamy- the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing a diploid cell |
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Explain the significance of heterokaryotic stages in fungal life cycles.
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Cells have haploid nuclei from both parents. It can exchange information similar to the process of crossing over.
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Distinquish among ectomycorrizae and endomycorrizae
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ectomycorrhizal fungus is fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Endomycorrihizal etend their branch hypae through the root cell wall into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrance |
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Zygomycota
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Resistant Zygosporangium as sexual stage
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Ascomycote
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Sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci. Also produce vast numbers
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Basidiomycota
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Elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores
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Describe some roles of fungi in the ecosystem
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Decomposers
food mutualism parasites predators |
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Describe the structure of lichen. Explain the roles of the fungal component of the lichen
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Lichen is a mutualism between acsopy and green algae. They are pionner plants(decompose rocks) Play role in nitrogen fixation and are food for some animals
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Zygomycota
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Resistant Zygosporangium as sexual stage
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Ascomycote
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Sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci. Also produce vast numbers
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Basidiomycota
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Elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores
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Describe some roles of fungi in the ecosystem
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Decomposers
food mutualism parasites predators |
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Describe the structure of lichen. Explain the roles of the fungal component of the lichen
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Lichen is a mutualism between acsopy and green algae. They are pionner plants(decompose rocks) Play role in nitrogen fixation and are food for some animals
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What are the three types of lichen
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Fruticose which is shrub like
Crutose which is paint like Foliose which is leaf like |
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Explain how lichens may act as pioneers on newly burned soil or volcanic rock
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They break down the surface by physically penatrating and chemically attacking it, and they trap windblown soil
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Describe the role of fungi as agricultural pests.
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Destroy crops, when they affect some plants they turn them poisioness.
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Define mycosis and describe some human mycoses
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The general term for a fungal infection, Ringworm
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Describe five commercial products made by fungi
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Antibiotics
bread alcoholic drinks cheese flavor |
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Define: arbuscular mycorrhizae
(endomycorrhizae) |
A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscles.
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Define: asocarp
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The macroscopic fruiting body of a sac fungus.
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Define: ascus
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A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.
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Define: basidocarp
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Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.
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Define: basidium
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A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms. The fungal division Basidiomycota is named for this structure.
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Define: chitin
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A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
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Define: chytrid
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Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that probably represent the most primitive fungal lineage.
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Define: club fungas
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The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium.
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Define: coenocytic
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Referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division.
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Define: conidium
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A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.
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Define: deuteromycete
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Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage. When a sexual stage for a so-called deuteromycete is discovered, the species is assigned to a phylum. Also called an imperfect fungus.
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Define: dikaryotic
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Referring to a mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.
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Define: ectomycorrhizal fungi
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A type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption.
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Define: exoenzyme
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A powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food.
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Define: glomeromycete
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Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by forming a distinct branching form of endomycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscular mycorrhizae.
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Define: haustorium
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In symbiotic fungi, specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.
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Define: heterokaryon
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A mycelium formed by the fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei.
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Define: hypha
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A filament that collectively makes up the body of a fungus.
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Define: sac fungus
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Member of the phylum Ascomycetes. Sac fungi range in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to minute leafspot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. About half of the sac fungi live with algae in the mutualistic associations called lichens.
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Define: karyogamy
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The fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy.
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Define: lichen
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The mutualistic collective formed by the symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga.
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Define: mold
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A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.
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Define: mycelium
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The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus.
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Define: mycorrhizae
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Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.
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Define: mycosis
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The general term for a fungal infection.
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Define: pheromone
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In animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.
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Define: plasmogamy
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The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.
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Define: septum
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One of the cross-wall that divide a fungal hypha into cells. Septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.
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Define: soredia
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Small clusters of lichen hyphae with embedded algae.
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Define: yeast
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Single-celled fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats and reproduce asexually by simple cell division or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell.
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Define: zygosporangium
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In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.
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Define bioenergetics
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The flow of energy through an animal, taking into account the energy stored in the food it consumes, the energy used for basic functions, activity, growth, reproduction, and regulation, and the energy lost to the environment as heat or in waste.
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Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Explain how functional anatomy relates to these terms
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Anatomy is the form of an organism and its study
Physiology is the biological function of an organism |
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Define tissue
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An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
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Epithelial tissue
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Covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities
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Connective tissue
Adipose tissue Fibrous connective tissue Cartilage bone blood |
Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
Apidoes tissue pads and insulates the body Fibrous connective tissue which is tendons and ligaments Cartilage stronge and flexible support material Bone-mineralized connective tissue blood transport oxygen, white for defense, platelets to aid in blood clots |
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Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle |
Muscle tissue contacts in response to nerve tissues.
Skeletal muscle- voluntary movement Cardiac muscle contraction of the heart Smooth muscle are for involuntart body activitys |
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Nervous tissue
Neuron |
transmits nerve signals throught the animal
Neuron transport nerve impulses |
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Define Biosynthese
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is an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products
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Define homeostasis. Describe the three functional components of a homeostatic control system.
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The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
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Define Thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budget.
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The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range. Endotjer,s gemerate heat to keep their body substantially warmer then its surrounding in a cold environment and in the cold they have mechanisms for cooling the body. Ecotherms consume less food and seek shade or basking in the sun for energy
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Name and describe four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment
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Radiation-Emission of electronic waves of all objects with energy(from sun)
Evaporation- The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas(sweat) Convection-the transfor of heat by the movement of air or liquid past the surface(air currents) Conduction- The direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact(rock) |
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Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation
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Reduces the flow of heat exchange between and animal and its environment.
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Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in modifying the transfer of body heat with its environment.
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Vasodilation is an increase in the of superficial blood vessels. Blood flow to the skin is elevated.
Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and heat transfers by decreasing the diamter of superficial vessels. |
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Describe animal adaptions to facilitate evaporative cooling.
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a countercurrent exchange system traps heat in the body core, thus reducing heat loss from the extremities.
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Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to changing environmental temperatures
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Enderotherms adjust the amount of body insulation and ectotherms undergo a variety of changes at the cellular level.
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Define: abdominal cavity
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The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the more cranial thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
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Define: acclimatization
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Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor.
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Define: adipose tissue
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A connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve; contains fat-storing cells called adipose cells.
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Define: basal metabolic rate
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The minimal number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel itself for a given time.
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Define: basement membrane
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The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.
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Define: blood
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A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
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Define: bone
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A type of connective tissue, consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.
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Define: brown fat
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A special tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production.
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Define: cardiac muscle
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A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart. Its cells are joined by intercalated disck that relay each heartbeat.
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Define: cartilage
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A type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin.
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