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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) theory |
states that the retina has three types of color receptors (Especially sensitive to green, red, and blue). -when we stimulate combinations of these cones, we see other colors |
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Opponent-process theory |
(Hering)-states that in the retina and in the thalamus, some neurons are turned “on” by red but turned “off” by green, and in others the reverse occurs. These opponent processes explain afterimages. |
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Gate-Control theory- |
Can flip the switch by distracting |
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Just Noticeable Difference |
smallest amount of change needed (Weber’s Law) |
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Gesalt Rules- |
closure, proximity, continuation, similarity, and figure & ground (An example of size constancy would be Turnbull’s study |
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Relative Motion - |
motion parallax-the Stonoscopic effect is used in flipbooks |
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Monocular Cues- |
you can see these with one eye, or show on paper |
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linear perspective- |
the lines seem to converge as they get farther |
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height- |
things that are higher are perceived as farther away |
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interposition- |
something in the foreground is easier to see than something in the background |
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texture gradiants |
the farther away something is, the less detail you see |
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light and shadow |
color constancy |
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retinal disparity |
- what we can see with one eye versus the other |
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convergence- |
your eyes coming closer together as you focus on something close to your face |
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Depth Cues- |
(ex: visual cliff done by Gibson) |
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Consciousness |
is our moment to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment - subjective (changes from person to person) - Private -Dynamic (changing all the time) -Self-centered and self-reflective |
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William James- |
father of structuralism |
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Continuum of Consciousness: |
Controlled Process (focused awareness) Automatic Process (just going through the motions (ex: greeting people in the halls)) Daydreaming (Drifting Consciousness) Altered States (must be engaged in something else, for example drugs or alcohol) Sleep/Dreams Unconsciousness |
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Circadian Rhythm |
A biological clock genetically programmed to regulate the body |
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Stages of Sleep |
Prephase! - Alpha Phase: marked by feelings of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed -alpha waves have low amplitude and high frequency Stage 1: transition from wakefulness to sleep, which lasts 1-7 minutes Stage 2: Begins what researchers call “real sleep” ; beta waves amplitude shortens a bit and you have k complexes. K complexes are sleep spikes where the brain gets a burst of energy Stage 3: This begins DELTA SLEEP or “deep sleep” Stage 4: DELTA WAVES or “slow wave sleep” REM sleep: makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time (ASERINSKY) Paradoxical sleep: if you are reading a brain chart, it looks like the person is awake |
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Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
contributes to the alternating cycle of sleep & wakefulness |
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: |
A group of cells in the hypothalamus that regulates the circadian rhythm |
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Melatonin: |
Seems to play a role in the chemical regulation of circadian rhythms- secreted by the pineal (negative side effect of taking melatonin is memory loss) ~There is no ONE neurotransmitter that is responsible for sleep cycles |
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Light therapy and the circadian rhythm |
The rhythm can be disrupted ~”Light therapy” has been shown to help regulate the clock~Dr. Rutger Wever tested the circadian rhythm without light cues. The outcome was the internal clock shifted to a 25-hour cycle |
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Repair Theory: |
States that the day contains a natural depletion of necessary factors in the brain and body. Sleep is the only way the body can repair itself. |
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Adaptive Theory: |
Through evolution the body began to use sleep to avoid wasting energy and exposing themselves to dangerous nocturnal animals |
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Night Terror: |
Occurs in Stage 4, often results in a screaming, sudden and complete fear, person often cannot remember the dream |
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Psychologist that studied dreams |
Freud |
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Latent content |
symbolic meanings |
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Manifest content |
story line of the dream |
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Activation-Synthesis Theory |
-Dreams are byproducts of REM -Helps to make sense of the random spurts of energy -Proponents -J Allan Hobson - Robert McCarley (1977) “unromancing the dream” |
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consciousness- |
awareness of oneself as well as internal and external stimuli |
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attention- |
the link between the enormous amount of information that assails out senses and the limited amount of information that we actually perceive. |
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Filter Theories- |
Broadbent; suggested that we filter information right after it is registered at the sensory level. |
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Attentional Resource Theories- |
This is the idea that people have a fixed amount of attention, which they can chose to allocate according to what the task requires, the pool of resources can be divided up among multiple tasks. It was made by Kahneman. |
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Automatic Behaviors- |
Behaviors that require no conscious decisions regarding which muscles to move or what actions to take |
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N-REM sleep- |
The first 4 stages of sleep, which are non-REM |
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Illusions- |
distorted perceptions of objects and external stimuli |
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Hallucinations- |
perceptions of sensory stimuli in the absence of any actual corresponding external sensory input from the physical world |
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Activation-synthesis- |
(McCarley & Hobson) this states that dreams are the result of subjective organization and interpretation (synthesis) of neutral activity (activation) that takes place during sleep |
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Posthypnotic Suggestion- |
instructions are given to an individual during hypnosis to be implemented after having awakened from the hypnotic state |
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Stimulating Paradigm- |
(Orne), a research technique for determining the true effects of a psychological treatment in which one group of participants is subjected to hypnotism, and the other is not. People must then try to distinguish btw. the behavior of the treatment group and the behavior of the control group. |
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Neodisassociative Theory- |
Some individuals are capable of separating one part of their conscious minds from another. |
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Concentrative Meditation- |
a form of contemplation in which the meditator focuses on an object or thought and attempts to remove all else from consciousness. |
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Opening-Up Meditation- |
the meditator integrates meditation with the events of everyday life, seeking to expand awareness of everyday events, rather than to separate meditation from mundane existence |