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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concept
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a mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas; in order to be useful in research, it must be defined because not all people share a particular definition
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conceptualization
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the process of specifying what is meant by a term
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operationalization
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identifying specific observations that will indicate the concept in empirical reality
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variable
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some aspect of a concept that varies
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constant
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a concept that does not vary
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measurement
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the process of linking abstract concepts into empirical indicants (taking abstract and making it measurable)
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operation
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the procedure for identifying or indicating the value of cases on a variable (how we measure something based on a variable)
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closed ended questions
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explicit choices from which to choose
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open ended questions
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allow responses to fill in their own response
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direct observations
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a way to operationalize variables, viewing the behavior directly
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unobtrusive measures
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collecting data without direct knowledge or participation
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triangulation
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the use of two or more different measures of the same variable
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levels of measurement
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the mathematical precision to which the values of a variable are expressed
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nominal levels of measurement
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qualitative levels of measurement, no numbers
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ordinal levels of measurement
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only the order of cases/things
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interval levels of measurement
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represent fixed points but have no absolute zero
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ratio levels of measurement
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fixed measurement amounts with an arbitrary zero
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special case of dichotomies
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variables having only two values (male or female)
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measurement validity
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the extent to which measures indicate what they are intended to measure
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face validity
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if a measure more obviously pertains to the meaning of the concept, more than to other concepts
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content validity
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the measure covers the concepts meaning fully
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criterion validity
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one measure is in tune with another already pre existing measure
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concurrent validity
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when two separate scores yield similar results
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predictive validity
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when you can use pre existing measures and data to predict the outcome of a measurement
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construct validity
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a measure is related to a variety of other measures
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convergent validity
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when one measure is associated with different types of measures in the same concept
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discriminant validity
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if the measure to be validated is not associated with the measures of different concepts
(if scores designed to test aggressiveness are similar to scores designed to test intelligence the results are not valid) |
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reliability
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when the phenomenon being measured does not change
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test-retest reliability
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testing unchanging phenomenon at two different times
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intraobserver reliability
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when ratings by the observer are tested at two different times
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interim reliability
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a series of different questions designed to test the same concept
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alternate forms reliability
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comparison of subject's answers to slightly different versions of survey questions
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split halves reliability
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sample is split into and receives slightly different survey questions
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inter-observer reliability
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correspondence between measures made by different observers
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