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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Animals require food for
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fuel, carbon skeletons, and essential nutrients
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A nutritionally adequate diet satisfies three needs:
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Fuel (chemical energy) for all the cellular work of the body
The organic raw materials animals use in biosynthesis (carbon skeletons to make many of their own molecules) Essential Nutrients-substances that the animals cannot make for itself from any raw material and therefore must obtain in food in prefabricated form |
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Most of the food energy that goes into an animal is used to make
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ATP
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ATP is produced as a result of the
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as a result of the oxidation of organic fuel
molecules (carbohydrates fats and proteins) in cellular respiration |
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When animal take
in more calories than it needs to produce ATP, excess can be used for |
biosynthesis to grow or produce storage molecules
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When glucose levels rise above a set point the pancreas secrete _____ in to blood
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insulin
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Insulin decreases sugar levels by
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enhance the transport of glucose into the body cells and stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose and glycogen, dropping blood glucose levels
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When glucose levels drop below a set point the pancreas secretes ______ into the blood
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glucagon
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Glucagon decreases sugar levels by
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the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose into the blood, increasing
the blood glucose level |
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if the diet of a person is chronically deficient in calories __________ results
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undernourishment
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Overnourishment,
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obesity, is the result of excessive food intake
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In mammals a
hormone call _____ produced by adipose cells is a key player in a complex feedback mechanism regulating fat storage and use |
leptin
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A high leptin
level cues |
the brain to depress appetite and to increase energy consuming
molecular activity and body-heat production |
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Loss of body fat causes ____ leptin levels in the blood, signaling ___________________
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low
the brain to increase appetite and weight gain |
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besides fuel and carbon skeletons, an animal's diet must also supply ______
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Essential nutrients
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An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients is said to be
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malnourished
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Animals need __
amino acids to make proteins |
20
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must be obtained
from food |
Essential amino acids
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# of amino acids are essential in the adult human
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8
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# of a. acidsessential for infants.... the difference for human
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9----histidine
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Other nutrients we require in our diet
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Fatty acids
Vitamins Minerals |
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the four main stages of food processing are
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indigestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
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the act of eating
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Indigestion
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is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
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digestion
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Polysaccharides break down to
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(into mono and disaccharides)
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Fats break down into
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(glycerol and fatty acids)
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Proteins break down into
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(amino acids)
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Nucleic acids break down into
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(nucleotides)
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after the food is digest the animal's cells take
up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars from the digestion compartment |
absorption
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undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment
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Elimination
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-rhythmic waves of contractions by smooth muscles in the walls of the canals, push along
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Peristalsis
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muscular ring-like valves, regulate the passage of material between specialized chambers of the canal
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Sphincters
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include
the salivary glad the pancreases, the liver and gallbladder |
Accessory glands
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Oral Cavity begins the digestion by digesting _____
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Carbs
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Saliva contains ________ an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller
polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose |
salivary amylase
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The tongue tastes food, manipulates it during chewing and helps shape the food into a ball called
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Bolus
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The stomach is located
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in the upper abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm
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_______ is secreted in a inactive form called _______ by specialized chief cells in
gastric pits |
Pepsin pepsinogen
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Pepsinogen is secreted by specialized
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chief cells in
gastric pits |
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Parietal cells also in the pits secrete_______ which converts pepsinogen to the active pepsin only when both reach the stomach this creates the lumen of the stomach
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HCl
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______ also in the pits secrete hydrochloric acid which
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Parental Cells
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protects the stomach from being digested by itself
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Mucus
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·
is the major organ of digestion and absorption |
small intestine
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Length of small intestine
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6 M
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In the first 25 cm of the small intestine
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the
duodenum |
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Liver produces
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Bile
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Bile is stored in the
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Gall Badder
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Most of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and most of the absorption of nutrients into the blood occurs in_______
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in the small intestine
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Bile salts act as
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Detergents
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that are by-products of red blood cell destruction in the liver
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pigments
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Digest Starches in the Small intestine
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Pancreatic amylases
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protein-digesting enzymes (intestinal Epithelial)
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aminopeptidase
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protein-digesting enzymes (pancrease)
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trypsin, chymotrypain, and carboxypeptidase
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enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules into glycerol, fatty acids, and glycerides
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Liptase
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Most of the digestion occurs in the _____ of the small intestine
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duodenum
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3 sections of the small intestine
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jejunum
Ileum Duodenum |
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A major function of the colon
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to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal as the solvent to various digestive juice
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Diarrhea results in _____ water is absorbed
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insufficient
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constipation if too much water is
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absorbed
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Living in the large intestine is a rich flora
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bacteria
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can make any protein
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E. Coli
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As a byproduct of their metabolism, many colon bacteria generate gases including
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Methane and H2S
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