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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System (CNS) contains
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Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains
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Cranial nerves and spinal nerves which include nerves of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Nerve tissue
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Consists of neurons and cells called neroglia
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All neuron cell bodies are found in the _______, _________, or within the ________.
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brain, spinal cord, trunk of the body
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What carries the electrical nerve impulse?
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Cell body and axon
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In PNS axons and dendrites are wrapped in?
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Schwann cells
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Schwann cells form the
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Myelin sheath
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Spaces between the Schwann cells along the axon are called?
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Node of Ranvier
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The nuclei and sytoplasm of the Schwann cells are outside the myelin shealth and form the?
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Neurolemma
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Axons may regrow through the tunnels provided by the
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Neurolemma
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What forms the myelin sheaths in the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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Oligodendrocytes
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Produce the myelin shealth to electrically insulate neurons of the CNS
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Microglia
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Capable of movement and phagcytosis of pathogens and damaged tissues
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Astrocytes
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Contribute to the BBB, prevents potentially toxic waste products in the blood from diffusing out into brain tissue, disadvantage: some useful medications cannot cross it which become important during brain infection, inflammation, or other disease.
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Ependyma
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Line the ventricles of the brain; many of the cells are ciliated; involved in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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Synapses
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When axon of neuron must transmit an impulse to dendrite or cell body of another neuron, impulse crosses gap called synapse.
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The end of the axon is called
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the synaptic end bulb and contains neurotransmitters that release into synapse by electrical impulse
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Types of neurons
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Sensory, motor or interneuron
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Sensory (afferent)
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Transmit impulses FROM receptors TO the CNS. Specialized to detect external or internal changes and generate electrical impulses
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Sensory neurons from skin, skeletal muscle, and jts are called
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SOMATIC
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Neurons from receptors in internal organs are called
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visceral sensory neurons
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Motor neurons (efferent)
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Transmit impulses FROM the CNS TO effectors (muscles and glands)
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Motor neurons to skeletal muscles are called
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SOMATIC
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Motor neurons to smooth muscles and cardiac muscle and glands are called
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Visceral
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Sensory and motor neurons make up the
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PNS
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Interneurons are found entirely within the
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CNS
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Learning Tip:
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Afferent: A is for affect or sense
Efferent: E is for effect or action |
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A nerve is a group of
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Peripheral axons, dendrites, or both with blood vessels and connective tissue.
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Most peripheral nerves are
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Mixed, containing sensory and motor neurons
Ex: PURELY sensory nerve is the optic nerve for vision, the autonomic nerves are purely motor nerves |
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A nerve tract is
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Thick myelinated neurons within the CNS, often called WHITE MATTER
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Nerve impulse
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Also called action potential is an electrical charge brought by movement of ions across neuron cell membrane.
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When a neuron is not carrying and impulse it is in a state of
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Polarization with a positive charge outside the membrane and relatively negative charge inside membrane
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Sodium ions are more abundant
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outside the cell
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Potassium and negative ions are more abundant
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inside the cell
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A stimulus makes the membrane permeable to sodium ions which rush into the cell making the inside
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positive and the outside relatively negative
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Reversal of charges is called
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depolarization and spreads from the point of stimulus along the entire neuron membrane
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Following depolarization the membrane becomes permeable to
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K ions, this is called repolarization and restores the positive charge outside and the negative charge inside
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Sodium and potassium pumps return the sodium ions back outside and the potassium ions inside and the neuron is polarized again and is ready
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to respond to another stimulus
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Spinal cord
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Transmits impulses to and from brain. Inside vertebral canal formed by vertebrae and extends from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to the intervertebral disk b/w first and second lumbar vertebrae.
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The spinal nerves emerge from the
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intervertebral formaina
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Grey matter
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Surrounded by white matter, and is where cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons are located
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White matter
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myelinated axons
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Ascending tracts transmit
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sernsory impulses to the brain
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Descending tracts transmit
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motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons
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Central canal of the spinal cord
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small tunnel that is continuous with ventricles of the brain and contain CSF
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Spinal nerves
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31 pairs
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How many cervical spinal nerve pairs?
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8 pairs
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How many thoracic spinal nerve pairs?
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12 pairs
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How many lumbar spinal nerve pairs?
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5 pairs
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How many sacral spinal nerve pairs?
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5 pairs
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How many coccygeal spinal nerve pairs?
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1 very small pair
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Nerves are often referred to by letter and number for example:
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Second cervical nerve is C2 and tenth thoracic is T10 and so on
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Cervical nerves supply
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The back of the head the neck, shoulders, arms, diaphragm (the phrenic nerves)
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The first and second thoracic nerves also contribute to
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peripheral nerves in the arms
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The remaining thoracic nerves supply
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the trunk of the body
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The lumbar and sacral nerves supply
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the hips, pelvic cavity, and legs
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The small coccygeal pair supply area
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around the coccyx
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Each spinal nerve has
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two roots which are neurons entering or leaving the spinal cord
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Dorsal root ganglion is
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an enlargeent of this root that contains the cell bodies of these sensory neurons
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The ventral root is the motor root; it is made of
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motor neurons that carry impulses from the spinal cord to muscles or glands
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When the two roots merge the nerve thus formed is a
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mixed nerve
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Reflex arc
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1) Receptor detects change and generates impulse
2) Sensory neurons transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS 3) The CNS contains one or more synapses and the interneurons that may be part of pathway 4) Motor neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector 5) The effector performs its characteristic action |
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Spinal cord reflexes include
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stretch reflexes and flexor reflexes
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Stretch reflex
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muscle that is stretched automatically contracts
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Flexor reflexes
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withdrawal reflex, stimulus is something painful and the response is to pull away
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Parts of the brain
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medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum
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Ventricles
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Four cavities within brain, two lateral vents, third is midline with thalamus and fourth midline b/w brainstem an cerebellum.
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Each ventricle contains
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Choroid plexus which forms cerebrospinal fluid from blood plasma
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Medulla
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Regulates heart rates, resps for breathing, blood pressure. Has reflexes for sneezing, coughing, swallowing, and vomitting.
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Pons
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Two resp centers work with medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm
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Midbrain
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Regulates visual reflexes and auditory reflexes and righting reflexes that keep the head upright and contribute to balance
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Cerebellum
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Coordination, maintain balance and equilibrium
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Hypothalmus
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Produces ADH and oxytocin stored in ppg. Production of releasing hormones like GHRH, regulate body temp by shivering or sweating, feelings of full or hungry, increased heart rate
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Thalamus
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Sensory pathways to brain except olfactory, can supress sensations to promote cerebrum to concentrate on more important sensations
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Cerebrum
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Largest part of brain. R and L hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
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Cerebral cortext
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Surface of the cerebrum, gray matter consisting mainly cell bodies of neurons
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Gyri
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Give neurons more surface area
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Fissures (deeper)
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Folds in brain
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Fissures (shallower) Sulci
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Folds in brain
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Frontal lobes
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Motor areas, left lobe has Broca's motor speech area involved w/ speaking
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Patietal lobes
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Sensory areas for skin and muscle sense and taste
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Temporal lobes
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Oldfactory and hearing L side has speech
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Occipital lobes
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visual areas and impulses from retinas of the eyes. Perception and interpretation of sight occurs here
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In all lobes
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Learn, remember, think, personalities,
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Grey matter called basal ganglia
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Regulation of muscle tone, inhibiting tremor, use of accessory movements such as swinging arms when walking
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Meninges
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3 layes covering CNS
Outer most- dura mater Middle- arachnoid mater (weblike) Inner- pia mater (thin tissue on surface of brain) |
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B/w arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the
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subarachnoid space which contains CSF
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CSF
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Permits exchange of nutrients and wastes b/w blood and CNS
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Cranial Nerve 1- Olfactory
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Smell
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Cranial Nerve 2- Optic
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Sight
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Cranial Nerve 3- Oculomotor
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Dilate pupils
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Cranial Nerve 4- Trochlear
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Move eyeball
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Cranial Nerve 5- Trigeminal
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Sense in face
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Cranial Nerve 6- Abducens
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Movement of eyeball
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Cranial Nerve 7- Facial
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Smile
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Cranial Nerve 8- Vestibulocochlear
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Hearing
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Cranial Nerve 9- Glossopharyngeal
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Taste
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Cranial Nerve 10- Vagus
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Voice
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Cranial Nerve 11- Accessory
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Speaking
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Cranial Nerve 12- Hypoglossal
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Movement of tongue
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ANS
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Part of PNS affecting smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands. Two divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Division
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In thoracic and some lumbar segments of spinal cord. Fear, anxiety, exercise. ^ HR, vasodilation. Acetylcholine and norepi
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Parasympathetic
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Rest/digest
In cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 |
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Basic Neurological Assessment
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1) LOC
2) VS 3)Pupil response 4) Strength of grips 5) Ability to sense touch |
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Glasgow Coma Scale
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Ranging from 3-15
Eye opening, verbal response, motor response |
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Pupils unequal in size
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Anisocoria
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Nystagmus is
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involuntary movement of the eyes
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Where is lumbar puncture usually inserted at
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L3-4 or L4-5 in adults
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Dysarthria
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Diffuculty speaking
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If pt has aphasia (loss of conciousness) assume they cant understand
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do not stand till i get back. Will fall
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Which neurons carry impulses from CNS to effectors?
A) Mixed B) Motor C) Afferent D) Sensory |
B) Motor
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Which structure in the CNS regulates body temp?
A)Hypothalmus B) Temporal lobe C) Pons D) Pituitary |
A) Hypothalmus
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Which of the following is a symptom of increasing intracranial pressure that should be reported immediately to the primary care provider?
A) Contricted pupils B)Decreasing LOC C) Narrowing pulse pressure D) Bradypnea |
B)Decreasing LOC
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What are the normal effects of aging in the CNS? Select all that apply.
A) Increase postual stability B) Reduced blood flow to the brain C) Impaired short term memory D) Sleep disturbances E) Loss of deep tendon reflexes |
B) Reduced blood flow to the brain
C) Impaired short term memory D) Sleep disturbances |
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Pt asks what to expect when she has an angiogram. Which response by the nurse is best?
A) "A small needle will be inserted into your spinal column to withdraw fluid for examination." B) "You will be in a large machine that uses magnetic energy to create images; it has a noisy knocking sound." C) "Electrodes will be placed on your head to monitor electrical activity in your brain." D) "A catheter will be placed into your femoral artery, and dye will be injected that will make your vessels show up on xray." |
D) "A catheter will be placed into your femoral artery, and dye will be injected that will make your vessels show up on xray."
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Which of the following activities should be encouraged when a patient returns from a CT scan using a contrast medium?
A)Ambulation B)Drink fluids C)Turning side to side D)Coughing and deep breathing |
B)Drink fluids
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Which of the following nursing interventions can help prevent footdrop?
A) Position the patient in the left lateral position B) Provide daily foot massage C) Apply high top tennis shoes D) Maintain the patient in an upright position as much as possible |
C) Apply high top tennis shoes
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