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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
achieved status
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a social position that an individual voluntarily occupies as a result of their effort or choice.
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anomie
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a condition or situation of normlessness in which society provides little moral and behavioral guidance to individuals
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ascribed status
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a social position that is acquired at birth or involuntarily acquired later in life
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dramaturgical analysis
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the study of everyday social interaction in theatrical terms.
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ethnomethodology
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the study of common-sense knowledge that people use to understand and organize their everyday surroundings and events
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master status
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a status that has exceptional importance in shaping a person's identity' a person's most salient social identity
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nonverbal communication
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communication with others that employs facial expressions, body movements , and gestures other than speech
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presentation of self
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the manipulation of one's role performance designed to create a particular impression.
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role
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the set of behavioral and attitudinal expectations that accompany a particular status.
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role conflict
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conflict between the roles associated with two or more statuses.
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role exit
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when someone disengages from an important social role
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role expectation
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society's or a group's expectation of the manner in which a role ought to be performed.
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role performance
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how a person actually behaves and acts in a role, in contrast to how the role is expected to be played.
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role set
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the different roles that are attached to a specific status.
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role strain
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tension among the roles linked to a single status.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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a false or inaccurate label, belief, prediction, perception, or sterotype that evokes behavior, which then makes the originally false behavior come true.
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social construction of reality
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the process by which people's subjective definitions and interpretations of events shape their perceptions of reality.
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social interaction
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the process by which people act and react toward and with other people.
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social structure
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any relatively stable, recurring pattern of relationships that exists within a society.
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status
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a socially defined position that an individual occupies.
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status set
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all of the statuses a person occupies at a given time.
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thomas theorem
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The concept that situations that are defined as real are real in the consequences
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Erving Goffman
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Pioneered method of dramaturgical analysis to explain social interaction in theatrical terms.
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Harold Garfinkel
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Ethnomethodologist who theorized that social interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies,
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aggregates
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Collections of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time
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anomie
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An absence of moral guidance due to a loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society
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bureaucracy
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an organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchical authority, an impersonality in administration, and explicit written rules.
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coercive organizations
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Groups, such as prisions and mental hospitals, of which people become members involuntarily
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conformity
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behavior that complies with the norms of a group or society
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dyad
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a group composed of two people
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expressive leadership
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group-directed leadership that emphasizes the well being of the group and provides emotional support for its members.
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formal organizations
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largely, highly structured groups organized to achieve specific goals.
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gemeinschaft
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Preindustrial societies where social relationships are based upon the primary group ties of friendship, kinship, and intergenerational stability
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gesellschaft
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a large, urban, impersonal society characterized by little consensus on values and by specialized social bonds based upon individual self-interest.
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goal displacement
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the subordination of the stated goals of the organization in favor of continued survival of the organization or the oligarchy that runs the organization
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groupthink
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the tendency of the group members to conform to a decision that many individual members privately believe is ill-advised.
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in-group
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a group that commands loyaty and respect, typically from its members
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instrumental leadership
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goal directed leadership that emphisizes the completion of tasks
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iron law of oligarchy
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the tendancy of large bureaucratic organizations to be run by a small group of people
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mechanical solidarity
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a characteristic of preindustrial societies marked by a minimal division of labor, people united by tradition, shared social bonds, and shared values.
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normative organizations
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groups that people voluntarily join to persue a goal, cause, or value believed to be worthwhile, and which does not directly enable their personal material enrichment also called voluntary organizations or associations.
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organic solidarity
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the social bonds characteristic of industrial societies that are based upon specialization and interdependence that occur as the division of labor becomes increasingly extensive.
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out-group
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a scorned group towards which one feels opposition, competitiveness, and even digust
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primary group
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a small group of people who interact frequently with one another and share strong emotional ties.
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reference group
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a group taken as a basis of comparison for making evaluations and decisions about others and ourselves.
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secondary group
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an impersonal, and frequently larger, group whose members interact for the purpose of pursuing a shared goal or activity
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Social group
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two or more people engaged in sustained interaction with each other and who identify with one another.
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Social Network
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a web of ties between people within a society or large group.
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Triad
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A group consisting of three people.
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Utilitarian organizations
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groups joined voluntarily in pursuit of material rewards that will directly enrich the participant.
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Amitai Etzioni
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indentified the three types of formal organizations on the basis of purpose of participation
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Emile Durkheim
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Differentiated between preindustrial and industrial societies by using the terms mechanical and organic solidarity.
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Ferdinand Tonnies
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Used the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft to differentiate between social relationship in preindustrial and industrial societies.
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Max Weber
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Indentified the five key components of a bureaucratic organization and believed bureaucracy is important for capitalist economies
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Robert Michels
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Weberian student who used the iron law of oligarchy to explain bureaucracy rule by a small group
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Solomon ash
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Performed experiments with cards that showed people will conform to behavioral expectations of a group even if the group is wrong
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Stanley Milgram
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Performed shock experiments that showed people are willing to inflict harm on others when instructed to do so.
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