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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
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Zygote
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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
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Embryo
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the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
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Fetus
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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
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Teratogens
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
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Maturation
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changed in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
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Cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Schema
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
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Assimilation
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interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
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Accommodation
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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
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Sensorimotor Stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
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Object Permanence
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
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Preoperational Stage
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in Piagent's theory, the stage (from about 2, to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
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Conservation
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the principle (which Piagent believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
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Egocentrism
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in Piagent's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
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Theory Of The Mind
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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
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Concrete Operational Stage
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in Piagent's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
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Formal Operational Stage
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in Piagent's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which perople begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
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Stranger Anxiety
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
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Attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
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Critical Period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
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Imprinting
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the process by which certain animals form attachements during a critical period very early in life.
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Basic Trust
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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predicatable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
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Adolescence
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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
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Puberty
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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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the body strustures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, amle voice quality, and body hair.
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Menarche
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the first menstral period.
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Identity
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our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
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Social Identity
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the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that somes from our group memberships.
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Intimacy
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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
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Emerging Adulthood
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for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.
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Menopause
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the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biooligyal changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
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Crystallized Intelligence
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our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
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Fluid Intelligence
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our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
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Social Clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
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