Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
has there been a drop in fertility rate? |
YES, 1959: 3.93 children per woman , 2000: 1.49 children per woman, 2009: 1.7 children per woman |
|
Myth of motherhood ?
|
follow social script, frames motherhood as aninstinct that can fulfill a woman in a way no otherexperience can, having a kid from each sex
|
|
biological clock? |
unmarried women in their 30s and 40s choose to havechildren, some without a long‐term partner, if don't have kids whats the point?
|
|
Reasons to have kids? |
social, personal, loving relationship, legacy. |
|
Structural functionalist reasons to have kids |
necessary function of families in perpetuating society. kids are pillars need them to continue on. |
|
Development approach reasons |
having kids is a developmental task, next step in life. |
|
conflict theory reasons |
social pressure tohave children reflects, How families with children have greater socialadvantages than those without
|
|
systems theory reasons |
looks at how decisions to havechildren creates different subsystems thataffect family dynamic,
|
|
ecological approach reasons |
looks at how wider socialcontext influences decisions to have children– Also determines experiences of families withchildren, societies impacts
|
|
Symbolic interactionists reasons
|
focus on personalreasons for not/having children
|
|
feminist theory reasons |
child‐bearingas an issue reflecting women’s control overreproduction, what women think about kids in general
|
|
The Canadian family is shrinking, how many kids must each family have to replace pop? how long has Canada fertility rate been stable? |
2.1. stable since 1996 with 1.6 children |
|
what is total fertility rate? |
Average number of births per woman over courseof her reproductive life
|
|
what is crude birth rate? when did it drop and increase? |
The number of births per population, all women included
great depression and baby boom from 1946-1964 |
|
what age are women having more kinds at then before? |
30s, used to be 20s, postponing doesn't make up for drop in fertility rate |
|
three ways meant to increase bith rate |
1. family allowance programs, benefits for kids under 16 (finacnial incentives) 2. encouraging immigration of people at child bearing age 3. providing conditions to increase young peoples confidence of their futures |
|
has teen pregnancy increased or decline? |
decline from 44% in 1996- 27% in 2006 |
|
what does the decline of teen pregnancy reflect? |
-more effective contraceptive use – greater access to reproductive health services– high‐quality sexual health education – shift in social norms |
|
medical reasons for the shrinking of families: |
- less infant mortality since 1960, more kids surviving birth -better contraceptives, and easy access to them. birth control pill since 1961 |
|
changes in law and reasons for the shrinking of families:
|
- birth control (sharpest decline in birth rate) and abortion legal (1988 decriminalization of abortion) -sterilization after had enough kids |
|
economic reasons for the shrinking of families:
|
-Shift from resource‐based economy to amanufacturing‐based one -abortion and sterilization increase during hard times -postpone kids until financially stable -having kids is expensive (167,000 in 2004) |
|
psychosocial reasons for the shrinking of families: Value of Children (VOC) framework?
|
a classification scheme thatincludes three satisfactions (or values) of children
– Instrumental assistance (help in old age) – Rewarding interactions (companionship, love) –Psychological appreciation (living through children) -Also includes costs – Financial costs (the cost of education) – Child‐rearing demands (emotional strain and pregnancy) – Restrictions on parents (being tied down) – Costs to social relationships (marital strain) |
|
what % of people decide not to have kids? why? |
7-8%, damage relationships, don't want to sacrifice career, no partner, travel |
|
stigmas for not having children |
- people get involved in your business -antisocial, or mental illness -people consider you selfish, or your relationship looks unsatisfying |
|
what is Female feticide? |
-aborting a female fetus, often in china and India and here -often used if already have girl kid |
|
what is Infanticide? |
- when a woman causes the death ofher newly born child -often happens because want to hide pregnacy -seen as the result of a mental disturbancefollowing childbirth |
|
what is foster care? how many kids use it? |
The provision of care by a family, other than aparent or guardian of a child, approved andarranged by a child welfare authority,
76 000 to 85 000 children are currently infoster care in Canada |
|
why do kids get put into foster care? and what kids are there most? |
-child could be placed their by choice or
-parents unfit -child has behavioral problems -abuse or neglect - (often older children) -aboriginal chidlren special needs kids |
|
How are kids assigned foster homes? |
- foster families get backgrounds tests, try to match up cultural and racial backgrounds |
|
what is closed adoption? |
legal transfer of parental rights andobligations from birth parent/s to adoptive parent/s, bio parents cant regain custody. infor about birth parents sealed, bio parents cant find kid
|
|
what is open adoption? |
A form of adoption where the adoptive parents and thebirth parents know each other and exchange information
|
|
what is Aboriginal custom adoption?
|
A privately arranged adoption between twofamilies within the Aboriginal community
– The goal is to ensure Aboriginal children are raisedin Aboriginal families to retain their language andcultural identities |
|
what is intercountry adoption? |
Process that recognizes an individual or couple as the legal andpermanent parent/s of a child from another country(many from china, korea, haiti, mostly girls) large increse from 1990's-2000's
|
|
what is artificial insemination? |
The practice of using sperm from a donor tofertilize an egg
– Donor sperm is used when husband is infertile orcarries a genetic disorder – Also used for unmarried women who wish to havechildren |
|
what is a surrogate? |
A woman who agrees to artificial insemination,usually for a fee, with a view to turning over theresulting child to the biological father and his wife
– Since 2004, surrogacy in Canada has beenregulated by the Assisted Human Reproduction Act |
|
what is In vitro fertilization (IVF)? |
The technique of fertilizing a woman’s eggs withher partner’s sperm in a lab dish, and later placingthe embryo(s) in her uterus
– Procedure usually used when fallopian tubesleading from woman’s ovaries are blocked , first seen in 1978 -One cycle of IVF costs between $7750 and $12 250 |
|
concerns with genetic testing of embryos |
- Diagnosis of disabilities – Sex‐selection – Wished‐for characteristics
|