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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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_is the period of time that occurs from the moment a man's sperm fertilizes a woman's egg until the birth of the newborn.
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Gestation |
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What is the total length of gestation?
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40 weeks (10 lunar months, or 9 calendar months) |
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How is the period of pregnancy divided? |
3-month periods (trimesters) |
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What weeks are in the 1st trimester? |
Last day of the woman's LMP to the last day of week 13
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What weeks include the 2nd trimester? |
from week 14- 27 |
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What weeks include the 3rd trimester?
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from week 28 until the pregnancy is expected to end in at week 40
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the latin term for a pregnant woman |
gravida |
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1st pregnancy |
primigravida |
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multiple pregnancies |
multigravida |
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_refers to the parting of mother and baby, or the birth itself |
para |
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A woman who has given birth many times (specifically, at least five times) |
grand multipara |
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another name for pregnancy |
antepartum |
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care before birth |
prenatal care |
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another name for prenatal care (care before birth) |
antepartum care |
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_is the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and birth |
obstetrics |
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A physician who practices the branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and birth |
obstetrician |
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A registered nurse who has received specialized training in the management of labor and birth |
nurse midwife, or CNM |
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CNM |
certified nurse midwife |
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LMP or LNMP |
last menstrual period |
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care of the woman before she is pregnant
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preconceptional care |
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What part of pregnancy is the most critical in human development? |
the earliest weeks of pregnancy |
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Eating a healthy diet, including ___ is important |
400 mg of folic acid a day |
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T or F It isn't important for a person who isn't pregnant yet, but plans on being to stop taking prescription drugs that are known to be harmful to a developing infant or stopping addictive behaviors such as smoking. |
Because the earliest weeks of pregnancy are the most critical in human development, the woman should obtain alternate safe prescription drugs and stop harmful addictive behavior. |
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Preconceptional care What should a diabetic patient do when planning for a pregnancy? |
Change to insulin from oral diabetic agents and making sure her blood sugar is under excellent control |
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preconceptional care What can you do if a couple is concerned about having a baby with a genetic defect? |
Refer a couple at risk of having a baby with a genetic defect for genetic testing and counseling before the pregnancy. |
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preconception care what are two other important areas that that should be addressed? |
Testing the mother-to-be for infectious disease and reducing psychosocial risk factors such as a battered woman. |
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What are the two types of preconceptional visits? |
2. visits by a woman who is not planning to become pregnant soon but who may become pregnant |
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When does the sperm determine the sex?
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at the time of conception |
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fertilization or conception occurs where? |
in the outer third of the fallopian tube (oviduct)
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An ovum carries only one type of chromosome which is
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x |
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chromosome xy will result in __ |
a boy |
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chromosome xx will result in |
a girl |
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a male sperm can carry either __chromosomes |
x or y |
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The fertilized ovum
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zygote |
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__is when the zygote divides rapidly, until it forms a ball of about 16 identical cells. |
morula |
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The morula is then swept down the fallopian tube and into the uterus, a process that takes _
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approximately 7-9 days |
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The lining of the uterus
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endometrium |
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_is rich in nutrients in preparation for pregnancy |
endometrium |
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_two layers of cells that surround a fluid filled sac |
blastocyst |
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As the blsotocyst enters the uterus, the _A__secrete an enzyme that permits it to _B_ into the endometrium. |
a- outer cell b-burrow (implant) |
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another word for endometrium during pregnancy
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decidua |
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When it is fully implanted, the developing organism is called _
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embryo |
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The outer most cell layer that surrounds the embryo and fluid cavity is called__ |
chorion |
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the "roots' through which the developing embryo receives its oxygen and nourishment and nourishment from the mother
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chorionic villi |
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the critical phase of human development
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the period of the embryo, which lasts the first eight weeks after conception |
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congenital meaning
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born with |
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During the critical phase, the embryo is more susceptible to __
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developing a congenital defect |
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The period of the fetus last _ |
from the beginning of the ninth week after fertilization through birth |
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viable |
having some chance of life outside the uterus |
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The fetus becomes viable at about week __
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20 |
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Normal fetal growth and development follow a |
definite and predictable pattern |
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Cephalocaudal |
head to toe |
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Growth and development, before and after birth, follow the __principle |
cephalocaudal |
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__an organ with a rich blood supply food and oxygen; carries waste away; slows the maternal immune response; and produces hormones that help maintain pregnancy
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placenta |
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The fetus' chorionic vili eventually meet with an area of uterine tissue to form the _
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placenta |
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Using ___, the fetus secures its oxygen and food directly from the mother's blood, instead of using its own lungs and digestive system. |
chorionic villi within the placenta |
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The fetal and the maternal blood are separate |
True |
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The __connects the fetal blood vessels contained in the villi of the placenta with those found within the fetal body. |
umbilical cord |
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_protects the cord, which enters the fetus' body approximately in the middle of the abdomen at the umbilicus, or navel. |
Wharton's jelly |
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The umbilical cord consist of _
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two arteries and one large vein twisted around each other. |
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How long is the umbilical cord? |
approx. 20 inches |
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afterbirth |
The uterus expels the placenta |
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The placenta returns _A_blood from the fetus to the mother through the _B_.
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a-deoxygenated b-two umbilical arteries |
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The placenta returns _A_ blood to the fetus via _b_.
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a-oxygenated b-a single vessel, the umbilical vein |
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__is a short duct found only in the fetus, and atrophies after birth.
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ductus venosus |
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Because the fetal lungs are not yet functioning, most of the blood is shunted off to the heart's _ |
left atrium |
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an opening between the right and left atria that permits most of the blood to bypass the right ventricle.
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foramen ovale |
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_is a connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that allows shunting of blood around the fetal lungs.
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ductus arteriosus |
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What happens when the newborn's first few respirations?
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-The foramen ovale closes, and the ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus shrivel and become fibrous ligaments. |
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_ is the inner membrane surrounding the fetus. |
amnion |
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What is the job of the amniotic fluid?
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-It regulates temperature -It allows the fetus to move freely inside it, which allows normal musculoskeletal development of the fetus. |
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In late pregnancy, what amniotic fluid primarily made up of?
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fetal urine and fetal lung fluid |
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presumptive signs of pregnancy
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possible signs, appear in first trimester, often only noted subjectively by the mother. |
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probable signs of pregnancy
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likely signs, appear in first and early second trimesters, seen via objective criteria, but can also be indicators of other conditions. |
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positive signs of pregnancy
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proof exists that there is a developing fetus in any trimester; objective criteria seen by a trained observer and/or diagnostic studies |
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What are some presumptive signs of pregnancy?
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amenorrhea, nausea, frequent urination, fatigue, quickening, breast changes, pigment changes |
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What are some probable signs of pregnancy?
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basal body temperature elevation, positive urine pregnancy test, cervical changes, vulvar and vaginal changes, uterine changes, ballottement, enlargement of the abdomen |
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What are some positive signs of pregnancy?
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visualization of the fetus, fetal heartbeat, fetal movement felt by an examiner. |
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the absence of menstruation, is often one of the first indications of pregnancy. |
Amenorrhea |
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PMP
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previous menstrual period |
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_ may begin soon after the first missed menstrual period and usually disappears after the third month of pregnancy.
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Nausea |
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nausea that last beyond the fourth month, results in a weight loss of 8 pounds or more, or affects the woman's general health, it is considered a complication of pregnancy called__ |
hyperemesis gravidarum |
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The first fetal movements that the pregnant woman feels are called __
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quickening |
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By the 14th week, the woman's breast begin to produce __
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colostrum |
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A suntanned, bronzed masking may appear across the face of dark-haired women called |
melasma |
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other names for melasma
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-chloasma gravidarum or the "mask of pregnancy" |
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A line of darker pigmentation |
linea nigra |
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the body temperature at rest |
basal body temperature |
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_rises slightly (usually less than one degree) as one of the earliest signs of pregnancy.
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basal body temperature (BBT) |
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Pregnancy tests check for the presence of the hormone called __ |
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
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HCG can be found in small amounts in a woman's urine or blood by about __ |
the 7th to 10th day of pregnancy |
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The most common error when doing a home pregnancy test is ? |
a false-negative, results from taking the test too soon |
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Happens at about 8 weeks of pregnancy where the cervix softens |
Goodell's sign |
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When the cervix look blue or purple, may occur as early as the sixth week of pregnancy |
chadwick's sign |
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softening of the lower uterine segment at about 6 weeks |
Hegar's sign |
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After 16-18 weeks of pregnancy, gently tapping one side of the pregnant woman's abdomen will cause the fetus to "bounce" in the amniotic fluid- bc the fetus is small compared with the amt of fluid. Examiners can feel the rebound tap, known as __ |
ballottement |
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__is the most common method used to evaluate fetal size, development, and due date |
ultrasound |
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__an electronic stethoscope that converts ultrasonic frequencies into audible frequencies or onto a video monitor. |
doppler |
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a special manual stethoscope used to hear fetal heart tones
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fetoscope |
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What is a major difference when assessing for the fetal heart tones with a Doppler vs a fetoscope? |
a Doppler can pick up fetal heart tones as early as the 10th week; where as, a fetoscope can pick up fetal heart tones at about the 18th to 20th week.
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What is a normal fetal heart rate? |
ranges btwn 120 to 160 |
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What is the funic soufflé? |
It's a swishing sound produced by the pulsation of blood as it is propelled through the umbilical cord. |
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T or F The funic soufflé has a different rate than the fetal heart rate. |
The funic soufflé has the rate as the fetal heart rate. |
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What is the uterine (or placental) soufflé? |
It's a swishing sound produced by the maternal blood as it flows through the large vessels of the uterus. |
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The uterine (or placental) soufflé has the same rate as ___ |
as the woman's heart rate |
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What is a good nursing practice when auscultating the uterine soufflé? |
palpate the woman's radial pulse at the same time to ensure you're listening to the fetal heart tones |
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another word for "breastfeeding"
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lactation |
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_is an inward curve of the lower back
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lordosis |
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HPL |
human placental lactogen |
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__is a term that means education about expected changes before their occurrence. |
anticipatory guidance |
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What are some danger signs during the first trimester?
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--pelvic/abdominal cramping -no longer feeling pregnant |
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What are danger signs during the second and third trimesters? |
-bleeding with severe abdominal pain-vaginal or lower abdominal pressure -PTL: preterm labor -PPROM/PROM: preterm premature rupture of the membranes -decreased fetal movement |
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What symptoms may be signs of PIH (pregnancy-induced hypertension)?
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-visual changes -sudden edema or swelling -epigastric pain |
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What are the goals of good prenatal care?
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-Help the woman give birth safely and without complications -ensure a healthy baby |
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What are the three basic components of prenatal care? |
2. Maintenance of maternal health: promotion of good health habits 3. Recognition and treatment of physical, mental, and social/economic problems |
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What is the goal of risk assessments? |
The goal of risk assessment is to identify women and fetuses who have a chance of having a complication develop during pregnancy, labor, birth, or the neonatal period. |
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The best health for mother and baby results when the mother has her first visit before _ |
the end of the first trimester (before the end of week 13) |
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What is the usual timing for visits?
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once every 4 weeks for the first 28 weeks and every 2wks until 36 weeks, and then weekly until delivery |
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multifetal pregnancy
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twins or more |
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If the woman is RH negative, what should she receive to prevent RH isoimmunization? |
(RhoGAM, Gamulin RH) RHO(D) immune globulin at the 28th week of gestation and following any episode of bleeding or any invasive procedure. |
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If the woman or baby's father has a family hx of genetic problems, What should be done?
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a referral for genetic counseling and testing should be given to the couple |
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What is Nagele's Rule?
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-the first day of the woman's LNMP -add 7 days -subtract 3 months -the resulting date is the EDD |
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EDD |
estimated date of delivery |
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EDC |
estimated date of confinement |
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What should be measurements should be performed and charted by a member of the healthcare team on return prenatal visits?
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-BP -Urine "dipstick" analysis -Uterus measurement -Fetal heart tones -Edema -Continuing risk assessment |
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What is another name for "uterus measurement"
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fundal height |
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Between weeks 15 and 19, what blood test is done and why? |
a blood test called the maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP) is done. The primary purpose is to screen for fetal neural tube defects. |
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MSAFP may combined with two other test called __ and why? |
HCG and estriol, they increase the number of neural tube defects that bed identified and also screens for Down Syndrome. |
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When the MSAFP, HCG, and estriol test are combined, What is it called? |
a triple marker screen
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When is the Rh antibody test repeated?
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at 26 to 27 weeks |
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If the antigen remains positive for for Rh after the repeated test, than one is done?
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RhoGAM is given at 28 weeks |
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When is the women screened for diabetes? |
24 and 28 |
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Because the women who has a tendency toward constipation may face increased difficulties during pregnancy due to decreased peristalsis, what should you teach the nurse? |
to drink plenty of water, fruits, vegetables, moderate exercise, and adequate fiber intake |
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an increased in salvation
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ptyalism |
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_ is a nonprofessional source and can actually increase a women's risk for vaginal infection and sometimes can cause an existing infection to be pushed up into the cervix and uterus. |
douching
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How should the women lie during pregnancy?
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not to sleep or lie on her back to avoid supine hypotension syndrome |
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what is hypotension syndrome?
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the weight of the uterus can interfere with the circulation in the aorta and the vena cava, thus, depriving the women and fetus of oxygen. |
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Swimming in a pool is beneficial for a pregnant women, but swimming in a _ isn't advised.
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lake water |
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_is an abnormal craving for nonfood items during pregnancy
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Pica |
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How much wt should a underweight, normal, and overwt woman gain during pregnancy?
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-normal 30 lbs -obese no more than 15lbs, but approx. 10 lbs |
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another name for "stretch marks"
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striae gravidarum |
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cause of striae gravidarum |
-heridity |
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nervous discomforts of pregnancy symptom |
sleeplessness or moodiness |
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common discomfort of pregnancy of musculoskeletal sysmptom
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low back pain or back pain |
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common discomforts of pregnancy reproductive symptom
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breast enlargement and tenderness |
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common discomforts of pregnancy gastrointestinal symptom |
food cravings, heartburn, constipation, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, hemorrhoids |
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common discomforts of pregnancy urinary symptom |
frequency, urgency, nocuria |
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common discomforts pregnancy cardiovascular symptoms |
varicose veins and swollen feet |
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the most well known model for childbirth preparation is the __ method
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lamaze |
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What are the two components of Lamaze? |
education and training |
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categories of drug safety in pregnancy Cat A |
possibility of fetal harm appears remote
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categories of drug safety in pregnancy Cat B |
Animal studies fail to demonstrate fetal risks, and there are no controlled studies in women |
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Cat C |
Drugs should only be given only if the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the possible risk to the fetus |
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categories of drug safety in pregnancy Cat D |
Human fetal risks exist, but the benefits of use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk |
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categories of drug safety in pregnancy Cat X |
proven fetal risks exist |
