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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
developmental psychology
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The study of the changes that occur in people from conception to death.
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cross-sectional approach
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A method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time.
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cohort
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A group of people born during the same period in historical time.
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longitudinal approach
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A method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives.
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prenatal development
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Development from conception to birth.
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embryo
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A developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception.
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fetus
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A developing human between 3 months after conception and birth.
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critical period
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A time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect.
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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A disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy; this disorder is characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments.
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neonates
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Newborn babies.
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temperament
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Characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation.
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developmental norms
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The average ages at which specific skills, such as walking, are achieved.
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maturation
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The automatic biologically programmed unfolding of development in an organism that occurs with the passage of time.
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sensory-motor stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations.
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object permanence
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The concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
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mental representations
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Mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event.
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preoperational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion.
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egocentric
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Unable to see things from another's point of view.
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concrete-operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else's point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matters.
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principles of conservation
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The concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance.
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formal-operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between adolescence and adulthood in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought.
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babbling
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A baby's vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations.
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holophrases
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One-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age.
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imprinting
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The tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched.
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attachment
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Emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort.
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autonomy
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Sense of independence; a desire not to be controlled by others.
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socialization
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Process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture.
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peer group
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A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one anohter emotional and social support.
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nonshared environment
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The unique aspects of the environment that are experience differently by siblings, even though they are reared in the same family.
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gender identity
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A little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a boy.
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gender constancy
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The realization that gender does not change with age.
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gender-role awareness
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Knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender.
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gender stereotypes
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General beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have.
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gender-typed behavior
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Socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls.
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growth spurt
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A rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence.
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puberty
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The onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development.
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menarche
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First menstrual period.
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imaginary audience
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Elkind's term for adolescents' delusion that they are constantly being observed by others.
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personal fable
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Elkind's term for adolescents' delusion that they are unique, very important, and invulnerable.
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identity formation
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Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself.
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identity crisis
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A period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation.
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cliques
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Groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment.
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menopause
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The time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases.
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midlife crisis
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A time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle.
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midlife transition
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According to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future.
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Alzheimer's disease
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A neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and by changes in personality.
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