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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience.
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Behaviorism
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An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment and or prior experience as determinants of behavior.
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Conditioning
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A basic kind of learning that involves
associations among environmental stimuli and an organism's behavior.
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Unconditioned stimulus (US)
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The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that already elicits a certain response without additional learning.
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Unconditioned response (UR) |
The classical-conditioning term for a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a
conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Conditioned response (CR) |
The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a condition stimulus; it occurs after the condition stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Classical conditioning |
The process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicit a response and, in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response. Also called Pavlovian conditioning.
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Extinction (in classical conditioning) |
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the condition stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous recovery |
The reappearance of a learned response after it's apparent extinction.
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Higher-order conditioning |
In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
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Stimulus generalization (in classical conditioning) |
After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR.
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Stimulus discrimination (in classical conditioning) |
The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR.
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Phobia |
When fear of an object or situation becomes irrational and interferes with normal activities.
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Counterconditioning |
In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.
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Placebos |
Pills or injections that have no active ingredients or treatment that have no direct physical effect on the problem.
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Operant conditioning |
The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.
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Reinforcement/reinforcers |
The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.
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Punishment/punishers |
The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.
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Primary reinforcers |
A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a psychological need; an example is food.
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Primary punisher |
A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock. |
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Secondary reinforcers |
A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.
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Secondary punisher |
A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers. |
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Positive reinforcement |
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur. |
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Negative reinforcement |
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response become stronger or more likely to occur. |
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Positive punishment |
Something unpleasant occurs following a behavior. |
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Negative punishment |
Something pleasant is removed following some behavior. |
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Skinner box |
A chamber equipped with a device that delivers a reinforcer, usually food, when an animal makes a desired response, or a punisher, such as a brief shock, when the animal makes an undesired response.
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Extinction (in operant conditioning) |
The weakening and the eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
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Stimulus generalization (in operant conditioning) |
In operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus to occur (or be suppressed) in the presence of other similar stimuli.
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Stimulus discrimination (in operant conditioning) |
In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of other similar stimuli that differs from it on some dimension.
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Discriminative stimulus |
A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.
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Continuous reinforcement |
A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced.
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Intermittent (partial) reinforcement |
A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.
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Shaping |
In the operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
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Successive approximations |
In the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response.
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Instinctive drift |
During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior.
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Determinist view |
The philosophy that our actions are determined by our environment and our genetic heritage.
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Behavior modification (applied behavior analysis) |
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior; also called applied behavior analysis.
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Extrinsic reinforcers |
Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced.
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Intrinsic reinforcers |
Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced.
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Latent learning |
A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement.
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Social-cognitive theories |
Theories that emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs.
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Observational (vicarious) learning |
A process in which an individual learned new responses by observing the behavior of another (a model) rather than through direct experience; sometimes called vicarious conditioning.
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