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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Challenge word: pancytopenia
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Difficiency in all the blood cytes; leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets
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AGGLUTINATION
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The clumping of cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies called agglutinins. Agglutinins are used in blood typing and in identifying or estimating the strength of immunoglobulins or immune serums
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ALBUMIN
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A plasma protein. Various albumins are found in practically all animal tissues and in many plant tissues. In blood, albumin helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure
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ALLERGEN
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A substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body
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ALLERGY
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A hypersensitive reaction to normally harmless antigens, most of which are environmental
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ANAPHYLAXIS
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An exaggerated life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen
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ANEMIA
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A condition in which there is a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood to levels below the normal range, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen being delivered to the cells
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ANEMIA, APLASTIC
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Also called bone marrow depression anemia. Characterized by pancytopenia--an inadequacy of the formed blood elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
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ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC
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Characterized by the extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction
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ANEMIA, IRON DEFICIENCY
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Characterized by deficiency of hemoglobin level due to a lack of iron in the body. There is a greater demand on the stored iron than can be supplied by the body
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ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS
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Results from a deficiency of mature RBCs and the formation of circulating of megaloblasts (large nucleated, immature, poorly functioning RBCs) with marked poikilocytosis (RBC shape variation) and anisocytosis (RBCs size variation)
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ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL
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A chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the RBCs become shaped like a crescent in the presence of low oxygen concentration
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ANISOCYTOSIS
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An abnormal condition of the blood characterized by red blood cells of variable and abnormal size
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ANTIBODIES
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Substances produced by the body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances. Each class of antibody is named for its action
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ANTIGENS
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A substance, usually protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody
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ASCITES
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An abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes
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BASOPHIL
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A granulocytic white blood cell characterized by cytoplasmic granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. Represent 1% or less of the total white blood cell count
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BILIRUBIN
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The orange-yellow pigment of bile formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span
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BLEEDING TIME
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Measurement of the time required for bleeding to stop.
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BLOOD TRANSFUSION
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An administration of blood or a blood component to an individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma, or disease.
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BONE MARROW BIOPSY
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The microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully evaluates hematopoiesis by revealing the number, shape, and size of the RBCs and WBCs and platelet precursors
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BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT
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After receiving an intravenous infusion of aggressive chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and in inactivate the immune system, a donor's bone marrow cells are infused intravenously into the recipient
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COAGULATION
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The process of transforming a liquid into a solid, especially of the blood
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COMPLETE BLOOD CELL COUNT (CBC)
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A series of tests performed on peripheral blood, which inexpensively screens for problems in the hematologic system as well as several other organ systems
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CORPUSCLE
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Any cells of the body; a red or white blood cell
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DIFFERENTIATION
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A process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues are systemically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms, physiologic functions, and chemical properties
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DIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST (COOMB'S TEST)
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Used to discover the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies present in the blood of an Rh- woman. The production of these antibodies is associated with an Rh incompatibility between a pregnant Rh- woman and her Rh+ fetus.
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DYSCRASIA
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An abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or prenatal Rh incompatibility
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EDEMA
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The abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues
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ELECTROPHORESIS
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The movement of charged suspended particles through a liquid medium in response to changes in an electric field. Charged particles of a given substance migrate in a predictable direction and at a characteristic speed
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ENZYME
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An organic substance that initiates and accelerates a chemical reaction
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EOSINOPHIL
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A granulocytic, bilobed leukocyte somewhat larger than a neutrophil characterized by large numbers of coarse, refractile, cytoplasmic granules that stain with the acid dye eosin.
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ERYTHREMIA
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An abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
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ERYTHROBLAST
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An immature RBC
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ERYTHROCYTE
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A mature RBC
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ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR)
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A test performed on the blood, which measures the rate at which blood cells settle out in a tube of unclotted blood. The ESR is determined by measuring the settling distance of RBCs in normal saline over one hour
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ERYTHROPOIESIS
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The process of RBC production
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ERYTHROPOIETIN
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A hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes and is thus able to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
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FIBRIN
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A stringy, insoluble protein that is the substance of a blood clot
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FIBRINOGEN
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A plasma protein converted into fibrin by thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
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GLOBIN
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A group of four globulin protein molecules that become bound by the iron in heme molecules to form hemoglobin
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GLOBULIN
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A plasma protein made in the liver. Globulin helps in the synthesis of antibodies
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GRANULOCYTE
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A type of leukocyte characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules
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GRANULOCYTOSIS
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An abnormally elevated number of granulocytes in the circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection
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HEMATOCRIT
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An assessment of RBC percentage in the total blood volume.
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HEMATOLOGIST
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A medical specialist in the field of hematology
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HEMATOLOGY
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The scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissues
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HEME
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The pigmented, iron-containing, nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin molecule. Heme binds and carries oxygen in the RBCs, releasing it to tissues that give off excess amounts of carbon dioxide
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HEMOCHROMATOSIS
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A rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron deposits throughout the body, usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias
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HEMOGLOBIN
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A complex protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs
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HEMOGLOBIN TEST
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Concentration measurement of the hemoglobin in the peripheral blood. As a vehicle for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemoglobin levels provide information about the body's ability to supply tissues with oxygen
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HEMOLYSIS
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The breakdown of RBCs and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of a RBC
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HEMOPHILIA
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Involved different hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times
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HEMOPHILIA TYPE A
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Most common type ~83% and is a result of a deficiency or absence of antihemophilic factor VIII which causes traumatic or spontaneous bleeding. Nearly all cases are in males and is characterized by bleeding in the joints, gums, or mouth
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HEMOPHILIA TYPE B
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Also called Christmas disease. Deficiency of a coagulation factor IX and accounts for ~10-15% of the cases of hemophilia.
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HEMORRHAGE (Challenge Word)
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A loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally. May be arterial, venous, or capillary
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HEMOSTASIS
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The termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the complex coagulation process of the body, consisting of vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and thrombin and fibrin synthesis
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HEPARIN
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A naturally occuring anticlotting factor present in the body
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HYPERALBUMINEMIA
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An increased level of albumin in the blood
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HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
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Greater than normal amounts of the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood
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HYPERLIPEMIA
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An excessive level of blood fats, usually caused by a lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins; also called hyperlipidemia
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HYPERLIPIDEMIA
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An excessive level of blood fats, usually caused by a lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins
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ION
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An electrically charged particle
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LEUKEMIA
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An excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia (decreased number of platelets)
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LEUKOCYTE (ALL, AML, CML, CLL)
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A WBC, one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system
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LEUKOCYTOPENIA
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An abnormal decrease in number of WBCs to fewer than 5,000 cells per cubic millimeter
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LIPID PROFILE
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Measures the lipids in the blood
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MEGAKARYOCYTE
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An extremely large bone marrow cell
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MONOCYTE
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A large mononuclear leukocyte
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MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMA CELL MYELOMA)
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A malignant plasma cell neoplasm, causes an increase in the number of both mature and immature plasma cells--which often entirely replace the bone marrow and destroy the skeletal structure
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MYELOID
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Of or pertaining to the bone marrow or the spinal cord
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NEUTROPHIL
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A polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus) granular leukocyte that stains easily with neutral dyes
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PANCYTOPENIA (Challenge Word)
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Difficiency in all the blood cytes; leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets
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PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN
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A blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and system of clot formation within the body
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PICA
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A craving to eat unusual substances (non-food substances), including but not limited to things such as clay, dirt, starch, chalk, glue, ice, and hair. This appetite disorder occurs with some nutritional deficiency states, such as iron deficiency anemia. It may also occur in pregnancy
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PLASMA
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The watery, straw-colored, fluid portion of the lymph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended
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PLATELET
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A clotting cell; a thrombocyte
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PLATELET COUNT
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The count of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood
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PROTHROMBIN
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A plasma protein precursor of thrombin. It is synthesized in the liver if adequate vitamin K is present
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PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT)
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A blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and extrinsic system of clot formation.
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PURPURA
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Collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations
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RED BLOOD CELL COUNT (RBCs)
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The measurement of the circulating # of RBCs in 1mm3 of peripheral blood
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RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY
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An examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear that enables the examiner to identify the form and shape of the RBCs
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RETICULOCYTE
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An immature erythrocyte characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus
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RETICULOCYTE COUNT
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A measurement of the # of circulating reticulocytes, immature erythrocytes, in a blood specimen
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ROULEAUX
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An aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact, or may occur with persons with multiple myeloma as a result of abnormal proteins
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SCHILLING TEST
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A diagnostic analysis for pernicious anemia
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SEPTICEMIA
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Systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spread from an infection in any part of the body
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SEROCONVERSION
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A change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine
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SEROLOGY
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The branch of laboratory medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by evaluating antigen-antibody reactions
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SERUM
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Also called blood serum. The clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation. Serum contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen
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SPLENOMEGALY
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An abnormal enlargement of the spleen
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STEM CELL
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A formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types
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THALASSEMIA
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A hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the alpha and beta hemoglobin chains are defective and the production of hemoglobin is deficient, creating hypochronic microcytic RBCs
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THROMBIN
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An enzyme formed from prothrombin, calcium, and thromboplastin in plasma during the clotting process. It causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin, which is essential in the formation of a clot
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THROMBOCYTE
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A clotting cell; a platelet
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THROMBOCYTOPENIA
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An abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced
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THROMBOPLASTIN
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A complex substance that initiates the clotting process by converting prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ion
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THROMBUS
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A clot
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WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
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The measurement of the circulating # of WBCs in 1mm3 of peripheral blood
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WHITE BLOOD CELL DIFFERENTIAL
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The WBC differential is a measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBCs present in 1mm3 of peripheral blood drawn for the WBC count
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ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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Immunity that is a result of the body developing the ability to defend itself against a specific agent, as a result of having had the disease or from having received an immunization against a disease
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ADENOIDS
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Masses of lymphatic tissue located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx; also called the pharyngeal tonsils
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EDEMA
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The accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces
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HYPERSENSITIVITY
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An abnormal condition characterized by an excessive reaction to a particular stimulus
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IMMUNE REACTION
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A defense function of the body that produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies
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IMMUNITY
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The state of being resistant to or protected from a disease.
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IMMUNIZATION
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The process of creating immunity to a specific disease
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IMMUNOLOGY
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The study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system of the body to antigenic stimulation
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IMMUNOTHERAPY
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A special treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity
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LOCAL REACTION
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A reaction to treatment that occurs at the site it was administered
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LYMPH
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Interstitial fluid picked up by the lymphatic capillaries and eventually returned to the blood. Once the interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is known as a lymph
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LYMPHADENOPATHY
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Any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels. characterized by localized or generalized enlargement
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LYMPHOCYTE
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Small, agranulocytic leukocytes originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow
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MACROPHAGE
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Any phagocytic cell involved in the defense against infection and in the disposal of the products of the breakdown of cells. Macrophages are found in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, and spinal cord
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NATURAL IMMUNITY
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Immunity in which we are born; also called genetic immunity
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PATHOGENS
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Disease-producing microorganisms
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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The process of a cell engulfing and destroying bacteria
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RESISTANCE
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The body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents
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SUSCEPTIBLE
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A state of having a lack of resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents.
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T CELLS
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Cells important to the immune response. They mature in the thymus. Upon maturation, the T cells enter the blood and circulate throughout the body--providing defense against disease by attacking foreign and/or abnormal cells
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TONSILS
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Masses of lymphatic tissue located in a protective ring, just under the mucous membrane, surrounding the mouth and back of the throat.
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CYT/O
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Cell
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HYPER-
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Excessive
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IMMUN/O
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Immune, protection
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LYMPH/O
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Lymph
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LYMPHADEN/O
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Lymph gland
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LYMPHANGI/O
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Lymph vessel
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MON/O
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One
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SARC/O
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Flesh
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ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
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Involves clinical conditions that destroy the body's immune system in the last or final phase of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which primarily damages helper T cell lymphocytes with CD4 receptions.
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CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
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A large species-specific herpes-type virus with a wide variety of disease effects. It causes serious-illness in persons with AIDS, in newborns, and in individuals who are being received an organ transplant). The virus usually results in retinal or gastrointestinal infection
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HYPERSENSITIVITY
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Tissue damage resulting from exaggerated immune responses
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HYPERSPLENISM
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A syndrome involving a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells and an enlarged spleen
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KARPOSI'S SARCOMA
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A locally destructive malignant neoplasm of the blood vessels associated with AIDS--typically forming lesions on the skin, visceral organs, or mucous membranes. These lesions appear initially as tiny red to purple macules and evolve into sizable nodules or plaques
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LYMPHOMA
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A lymphoid tissue neoplasm that is typically malignant--beginning with a painless enlarged lymph node(s) and progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss
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MONONUCLEOSIS
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Usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), typically is benign self-limiting acute infection of the B lymphocytes
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MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
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An autoimmune disease in which antibodies block or destroy some acetylcholine receptor sites.
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PNEUMOCYSTIC CARINII PNEUMONIA (PCP)
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Caused by a common worldwide parasite Pneumocystic carinii, for which most people have immunity if they are not severely immunocompromised
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SARCOIDOSIS
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A systemic inflammatory disease resulting in the formation of multiple, small, rounded lesions (grandulomas) in the lungs (comprising 90%), lymph nodes, eyes, liver, and other organs
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SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
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An inflammatory connective tissue disease, chronic in nature, in which immune complexes are formed from the reaction of SLE autoantibodies and their corresponding antigens. These immune complexes are deposited in the connective tissues of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and other tissues
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ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
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A blood test used for screening for an antibody to the AIDS virus
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WESTERN BLOT
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Detects the presence of the antibodies to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, used to confirms validity of ELISA tests
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CT (CAT) SCAN
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A collection of X-ray images taken from various angles following injection of a contrast medium
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LYMPHANGIOGRAM
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An X-ray assessment of the lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in the hand or foot
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