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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define cognition |
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Define a concept |
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Define a prototype |
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)
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Define an algorithm |
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics.
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Define a heuristic |
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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Define insight |
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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Define confirmation bias |
A tendency to search of information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
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Define fixation |
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
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Define a mental set |
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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Define functional fixedness |
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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Define the representativeness heuristic |
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
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Define the availability heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
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Define overconfidence |
The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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Define belief perseverance |
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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Define intuition |
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought with explicit, conscious reasoning.
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Define framing |
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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Define language |
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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Define phoneme |
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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Define morpheme
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In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
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Define grammar |
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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Define semantics |
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
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Define syntax |
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. |
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Define the babbling stage |
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds as first unrelated to the household language.
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Define the one-word stage |
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
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Define the two-word stage |
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. |
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Define telegraphic speech |
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"-using mostly nouns and verbs. |
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Define aphasia |
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). |
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Define the Broca's area |
Controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
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Define the Wernicke's area |
Controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
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Define linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |